The importance of organization in the body is implicit in the concept of the body as an "organism." To be organized, the parts of the body must be regulated to work in synchrony with one another and in harmony with the external environment. This regulation is carried out by the nervous system and the endocrine system. The endocrine system is composed of various glands located throughout the body. These glands can synthesize and release special chemical messengers called hormones. The endocrine system has several functions - five general functions include: (1) differentiation of the reproductive and central nervous systems in the developing fetus, (2) stimulation of sequential growth and development during childhood and adolescence, (3) coordination of the male and female reproductive systems, which makes sexual reproduction possible, (4) maintenance of an optimal internal environment throughout life, and (5) initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when emergency demands occur. During this week, you will be studying select hormones and their effects on the body.

1. Identify the hormones that are lipid soluble and those that are water soluble.
2. Identify the anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, their target tissues, and their negative feedback mechanisms.
3. Describe how the primary and secondary endocrine disorders can be differentiated.
4. Discuss etiologic factors factors that lead to clinical manifestations of hormone excess or deficit.
5. Discuss the etiology, clinical findings, and treatment of growth hormone excess and deficit.
6. Discuss the etiology, clinical findings, and treatment of anti diuretic hormone (ADH) excess and deficit.
7. Discuss the etiology, clinical findings, and treatment of thyroid  hormone excess and deficit.
8. Discuss the etiology, clinical findings, and treatment of adrenocortical hormone excess and deficit.
9. Compare and contrast the characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
10. Discuss the clinical manifestations associated with hyperglycemia, and how they differ from those of hypoglycemia.
11. Describe the acute and chronic complications of diabetes mellitus.

   * Hormone Function
     & Classification
 

Hormone Synthesis,
Secretion, and Metabolism

   * Factors Affecting 
      Hormone Secretion
   * Feedback 
     Mechanisms
   * Hormone 
     Metabolism
     and Secretion

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control of the Endocrine System

Basic Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

   * Classification of 
      Endocrine

Growth Hormone Disorders

   * GH Excess &
      Deficits

Antidiuretic Hormone Disorders

   * ADH Deficiency
   * SIADH

Thyroid Disorders

   * Regulation &
     Action
   * Hypothyroidism
   * Hyperthyroidism

Adrenocortical Hormone Disorders

   * Hypercortisolism
   * Hyperaldosteronism

Check Guyton and McCance re: syllabus
for page numbers.
 

Selected 
PowerPoint Slides
 

Text Version
 

Memory Check 1
Negative Feedbck

Memory Check 2
Hormone Receptors

Memory Check 3
Origins & Receptors

Memory Check 4
Hypo & Hyper Thyroid

Memory Check 5
Classification of DM

Memory Check 6
Acute Complications

Memory Check 7
Chronic Complications

http://www.diabetes.org/

http://the-thyroid-society.org

http://www.medhelp.org/nadf/

http://pharminfo.com/disease/
endocrine.html

Learning Activity 1:
        Endocrine Patho

Learning Activity 2:
        CS - Hypothyroidism

Learning Activity 3:
         ACTH

Learning Activity 4:
         Insulin - Increases &
         Decreases

Learning Activity 5:
        Diabetes Mellitus
 
 
 
 
 
 

The digestive system consists of the oral structures (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx), the alimentary tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, anus), and the accessory organs of digestion (liver, gallbladder and the exocrine pancreas). The function of the alimentary tract is to digest masticated food, to absorb digestive products, and to excrete the digestive residue and certain waste products excreted by the liver through the bile duct. 

1. Discuss common causes of the following gastrointestinal (GI) disorders: pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, anorexia, hematocheziz, and melena.
2. Discuss the predisposing factors and characteristics manifestations common to inflammatory GI disorders.
3. Discuss the predisposing factors and characteristics manifestations common of mechanical vs functional bowel obstruction.
4. Describe what the warning signs that may indicate cancer of the GI tract.
5. Explain the relationship between cholecystitis and cholelithiasis.
6. Discuss the clinical and laboratory findings that are indicative of acute pancreatitis.
7. Explain how the etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of chronic pancreatitis differs from that of acute pancreatitis.
8. Compare and contrast the clinical manifestations of liver disease due to hepatocellular failure and liver failure due to portal hypertension.
9. Describe how the different types of viral hepatitis vary with regard to mode of transmission and severity of symptoms.
10. Discuss clinical and laboratory findings that lead to a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.
11. Describe the treatment modalities that are available to patients with end-stage liver failure.

Manifestations of GI Tract
Disorders

  *  Dysphagia
  *  Pain
  *  Nausea & Vomiting
  *  Flatulence (Gas)
  *  Constipation
  *  Diarrhea

GI Wall Disorders

  *  PUD
  *  IBS
     *  Ulcerative Colitis
     *  Crohn Disease

GI Motility Disorders

  *  IBS
  *  Intestinal Obstruction

GI Neoplasms 

  *  Esophagus
  *  Stomach
  *  Small & Large Intestines

Functional Anatomy of the Pancreas

Gallbladder Disorders

  *  Cholelithiasis
  *  Cholecystitis

Pancreatic Disorders

  *  Acute Pancreatitis
  *  Chronic Pancreatitis

Manifestations of Liver disease

     *  Hepatocellular Failure
     *  Jaundice
     *  G-E Varices
     *  Ascites
     *  Peritonitis

Hepatitis

  *  Acute (A-E)
  *  Chronic

Cirrhosis

Liver Cancer

Check Guyton and McCance re: syllabus
for page numbers

Selected 
PowerPoint Slides
 

Text Version
 

Memory Check 1:
        Structure & Function

Memory Check 2:
        Motility Disorders

Memory Check 3:
        Features of Ulcers

Memory Check 4:
        UC vs CD

Memory Check 5:
        Viral Hepatitis

Memory Check 6:
        Cirrhosis of the Liver

Memory Check 7:
        Cancers of the
       Digestive Tract

http://www.nacc.org.uk

http://www.anesthesia.org/public
/guides/lap_chole.html
 

http://pharminfo.com/disease/gastro
/gastrolinks.html
 

Learning Activity 1:

After studying your text, in your notebook, define the following common terms used in identifying the manifestations of GI disorders:

  *  pain
  *  nausea
  *  vomiting
  *  diarrhea
  *  constipation
  *  anorexia
  *  hematochezia
  *  melena

Learning Activity 2:
        UC vs CD

Learning Activity 3:
         Intestinal Obstruction

Learning Activity 4:
         Case Study - Cirrhosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Alteration in Neurological/Neuro-Sensory Function

The human nervous system is a remarkable
structure responsible for the body's ability to interact with the environment and for regulation of activities involving internal
organs. The general functions of the nervous
system are sensory detection, information
processing (the ultimate computer), and
behavior. The nervous system, in essence,
drives the other systems of the body. For you
to gain a basic understanding of the
complexity of this extraordinary body system,
you will concentrate only on a few key
concepts and disorders. Alterations in central
nervous system (CNS) function can result from
traumatic injury, vascular disorders, tumor
growth, infectious and inflammatory
processes, metabolic derangements (from
nutritional deficiencies, drugs or chemicals),
and degenerative processes. Selected
neurologic disorders will be used for
clarification of important points of this
extraordinary system

1. Identify structures that are located in each of the four principal areas of the brain: cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem.
2. Discuss the general functions of each of the structures of the brain.
3. Explain the proposed mechanisms and potential consequences of secondary brain injury.
4. Discuss the brain components that determine intracranial pressure (ICP) and identify conditions that can contribute to elevated ICP.
5. Identify the levels of consciousness and the cranial nerves reflexes used to assess changes in neurologic status in the brain injured patient.
6. Describe the common manifestations of types of traumatic brain injury (focal, polar, diffuse) and hemorrhage (epidural, subdural, subarachnoid).
7. Explain how the three most common causes of stroke (thrombi, emboli, and hemorrhage) differ as regard too risk factors, prevention strategies, and acute treatment.
8. Differentiate between meningitis and encephalitis in terms of: etiology (infective organisms), clinical manifestations, and treatment.
9. Explain how the various types of seizures are recognized, classified, and treated.
10. Describe the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer's dementia.
11. Identify the proposed neurotransmitter alterations in Parkinson disease and discuss how drugs are used to restore balance.
12. Discuss the role of immune mechanisms in Guillian Barre' and Multiple Sclerosis.
13. Explain the general manifestations of hearing impairment.
14. Differentiate between conductive and senorineural hearing loss in terms of etiology and treatment.
15. Discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of common visual disorders including refraction, cataract, and retinopathies.
16. Compare and contrast between open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma.
17. Discuss how the neurotransmission of pain signals modulate at the receptor, spinal cord, and brain.
18. Describe how acute and chronic pain differ in terms of etiology and clinical manifestations.
19. Explain why it is important to adequately treat pain.

Structure and function of the brain

  *  Cranial Nerves
  *  Spinal Nerves

Mechanisms of Brain Injury

  *  Ischemia
  *  Increased
     Intracranial
     Pressure (ICP)

Manifestattions of Brain Injury

  *  Level of 
     Consciousness (LOC)

  *  Glasgow Coma 
      Scale (GCS)

  *  Cranial Nerve
     Reflexes

Traumatic Brain Injury

  *  Types of Brain 
      Injury

      *  Primary Injuries
         *  Epidural
          *  Subdural
          *  Subarachnoid
      *  Secondary 
         Injuries
      *  Treatment

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

  *  Ischemic Stroke
  *  Hemorrhagic Stroke
  *  Treatment
  *  Long-term
     Manifestations of 
     Stroke

CNS Infections

  *  Meningitis
  *  Encephalitis

Brain and Cerebellar Disorders

  *  Epilepsy
  *  Dementia
  *  Parkinson Disease

Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Disorder

  *  Multiple Sclerosis

  *  Spinal Cord Injury
     *  Spinal Shock
     *  Neurogenic Shock
     *  Autonomic Dysreflexia

  *  Guillain Barre' 
     Syndrome

Sensory Dysfunction
  *  Hearing
  *  Vision
  *  Taste

Pain
 

Check Guyton and McCance re: syllabus
for page numbers.
 

Selected 
PowerPoint Slides
 

Text Version
 

  Memory Check 1:
          Consciousness-
          A & P

  Memory Check 2:
          Divisions of the
          Brain 

  Memory Check 3:
          Blood Supply

  Memory Check 4:
          Terms-Levels of 
          Consciousness

  Memory Check 5:
          Seizures 
  Memory Check 6:
          Meningitis &
          Encephalitis

Memory Check 7:
          ICP

  Memory Check 8:
          Brain Tumors

http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/brain_atlas
/index.htm

http://www.neuroguide.com

http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB
/home.html

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/

http://www. alzheimers.com

http://www.parkinson.org

http://www.efa.org

http://www.amhrt.org

http://www.neurosurgery.org/pubpages/
patres/anatofbrain.html
 

  Learning Activity 1:
          Anatomical diagram

  Learning Activity 2:
          Cranial Nerves

  Learning Activity 3:
          Case Study: CVA

  Learning Activity 4:
          Peripheral Nerve Disorder Chart

Learning Activity 5:
         Case Study: Seizures
 

Alteration in Muscloskeletal Function

Notes from Dr. Polk

1. Discuss the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling.
2. Explain the relationship between joint structure and joint mobility.
3. Discuss why articular cartilage is particularly susceptible to degenerative changes.
4. Discuss the process and duration of normal bone healing after a fracture.
5. Explain the similarities and differences between osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets.
6. Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.
7. Compare and contrast osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in terms of etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment.
8. Differentiate between lupus and scleroderma in terms of: etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment.
9. Explain the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis.

Structure and Function of Bone

  *  Growth processess

Response to Injury, Stress, and
Aging

  *  Fracture Healing

Structure and Function of Joints

  *  Synarthroses
  *  Diarthroses

Bone and Joint Trauma

  *  Types, Extent and Healing 
     of Fractures

Disorders in Bone Mass and Structure

  *  Scolosis
  *  Osteoporisis
  *  Rickets and Osteomalacia

Localized Disorders of the Joint

  *  Osteoarthritis

Systematic Disorders of the Joint

  *  Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
  *  Sstemic Lupus 
     Erythematosus (SLE)
  *  Scleroderma

Postinfectious Systemic Disorders

  *  Acute Rheumatic Fever

Joint dysfnction

  *  Gout

Check Guyton and McCance re: syllabus
for page numbers.

Selected 
PowerPoint Slides
 

Text Version
 

   Memory Check 1:
           Bone Integrity

Memory Check 2:
           Terms - Muscles

Memory Check 3:
           Joint Disorders

Memory Check 4:
           M/S Fractures

  Memory Check 5:
          Skeletal Stress

  Memory Check 6:
          Common Disorders

  Memory Check 7:
          Gout

  Memory Check 8:
          Bone Tumors
 

http://www.orthop.washington.edu/bonejoint/
zzzzzzzz1_1.html

http://www.arthritis.org

http://www.nof.org/

http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/lib_lups.htm
 

Learning Activity 1:  In your notebook,

        (a)  Briefly desribe the processes that 
               maintain bone integrity.

        (b)  Briefly describe the types of joints
               and give two examples of each.
Learning Activity 2:
         A & P of M/S System

Learning Activity 3:
        RA vs OA Chart

Learning Activity 4:
        M/S Fractures
 
 
 
 

.