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Sessions
Four & Five: Exposure Assessment
(Biological
Markers of Exposure)
| Text Readings: |
Aldrich
& Griffith, Chapters 5, 6 & 8
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| Web
Readings: |
Exposure
Assessment Framework & Process
Disease
Transmission & Context
Biologic
Monitoring and Biomarkers
Urban
Air Pollution and Health: Research
Collaboration
in Air Pollution Health Impact Assessment
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| Topics: |
What are Biological
Markers of Exposure / Why Use Biological Markers of Exposure in Environmental Epidemiological Investigations /
Markers of Exposure Provide Information Specific to the
Individual / Markers of Exposure are Able to Integrate
Exposures Over Time & From Various Routes of Entry
into the Body / Markers of Exposure often Allow the
Quantification of Exposure / Markers of Exposure can
Identify Specific Agents within a Mixture / Criteria for
Selecting a Biological Marker of Exposure / Biologically
Related Criteria / Laboratory Related Criteria / The
"Best" Markers or ETS Exposure / Air Pollution
/ Ozone / Sulfur Dioxide, Particulates and Acid Aerosols
/ Nitrogen Oxides / Carbon Monoxide / Lead / Carcinogens
/ Priority Research Needs / Evaluation of Risks
Associated with Hazardous Waste / Dimension of the
Problem / Research Background / Relevance to Health /
Rates of Occurrence of Known & Unknown Diseases / Etiology / Public Health Roles / Developing Relevant
Exposure Gradients / Pertinent Studies / Water, Soil,
Food Contamination / The Grey Literature / Monitoring /
Research Needs |
Assignment
for Class Five
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- What is meant by
the concept of "biological markers of exposure?
- What is meant by
the term "a marker of biologically effective dose"?
- Traditionally, how
have epidemiologists characterized exposure?
- Identify five key
properties of biological markers.
- Identify 10
criteria to be considered in selecting a biological marker for
exposure.
- What is meant by
the reference in the Bertolilini text to the "generally
ubiquitous exposure to air pollution"?
- Please explain how
ozone negatively effects human health and the physiological
mechanism of exposure.
- Likewise, (based
upon question 7), also explain health effects and mechanisms for
exposure for the following agents: sulfates, nitrous oxides,
carbon dioxide, & lead.
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| Assignment
for Class Six
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- Please define the
term "epidemiology."
- Please explain how
do the following areas of inquiry for epidemiology differ:
Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Chronic Disease Epidemiology,
Environmental Epidemiology.
- How do these three
areas of epidemiology emphasis relate to one another? Alternately
stated, what do they share in common?
- Please define the
following terms: communicable, contagious, infection, vector,
vital statistic.
- Please
differentiate between the following research approaches to
epidemiology: clinical trials, field trials, community trials,
descriptive studies, analytic studies and cross-sectional studies.
- Among longitudinal
approaches, please differentiate between the following: cohort
studies (retrospective, prospective, and historical prospective),
and case-control studies.
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Sessions
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