HRD Concepts (continued)
4. Karl Weick (Chapter 3): Schools are loosely coupled and bottom heavy.
5. John Meyer and Brian Rowan (Chapter 3) : Schools are Dual Systems
- Loosely Coupled Systems: the technical core of teaching is loosely connected to the Administration. The Administration has indirect control only of instruction through control of time (schedules); student assignments; grouping (tracking; self contained; d
- Bureaucratic (tightly controlled) Systems: non-instructional activities, such as paychecks, transportation, budgets, and others.