A Bibliography of
CATASTROPHIC WIND IMPACTS ON FOREST VEGETATION
This bibiliography includes over 500 papers that describe the impacts of catastrophic wind
events, tornadoes, cyclones, hurricanes, gales, and intense wind storms, on forest
vegetation. Some additional papers on wind meteorology, chronic wind impacts, and tree
morphology and physiology, are included.
Some papers are cited from other works and were not directly reviewed. These are marked
with *. Some appear in non-english text. Brackets [] indicate titles that are translated
to english.
This page was last updated on February 3, 1996. It is maintained by:
Edwin M. Everham III
Florida Gulf Coast Univeristy
10501 FGCU Blvd. South
Ft. Myers, FL 339665-6565
eeverham@fgcu.edu
Please send citations for any addditonal appropriate papers.
To skip to a place the bibilography, click on a letter:
- A - B
- C - D
- E - F
- G - H
- I - J
- K - L
- M - N
- O - P
- Q - R
- S - T
- U - V
- W - Y
- Z
Acatay, G., and I. Gülen. 1971. [Wind damage in Turkish forest].
Istanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Derfisi. 21(2): 1-20.*
Ackerman, J.D., L.R. Walker, F.N. Scatena, and J. Wunedurle.
1991. Ecological effects of hurricanes. Bulletin of the
Ecological Society of America. 72(3): 178-180.
Adams, W.R., R.I. Ashman, H.I. Baldwin, E.S. Bryant, G.W.I.
Creighton, H.J. Lutz, L.C. Swain, M. Westveld, and A.C.
Cline. 1941. Report of Committee on Silviculture, New
England Section, Society of American Foresters. A
silvicultural policy for the hurricane area. Journal of
Forestry. 39: 376-378.
Adjemovitch, M. 1958. A study of some alien species in the
William L. Hutcheson Memorial Forest. MS Thesis. Rutgers
The State University.*
Afolayan, T.A. 1977. Causes of damage to forest plantations in
Kilanjaro Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Obeche. 13: 24-31. *
Akachuku, A.E. 1993. Recovery and morphology of Pinus resinosa
Ait. trees 50 years after they were displaced by a
hurricane. Forest Ecology and Management. 56: 113-129.
Alexander, R.R. 1967. Windfall after clearcutting on Fool Creek
Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado. US Forest Service
Research Note RM-92. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station.
Alexander, R.R. 1964. Minimizing windfall around clear cuttings
in spruce-fir forests. Forest Science. 10(2): 130-142.
Alexander, R.R., and J.H. Buell. 1955. Determining the direction
of destructive winds in a Rocky Mountain timber stand.
Journal of Forestry. 53: 19-23.
Alexander, T.R. 1967. Effects of Hurricane Betsy on the
Southeastern Everglades. Quarterly Journal of Florida
Academy of Science. 39: 10-24. *
Allen, J.R.L. 1992. Trees and their response to wind: mid-
Flandrian strong winds, Severn Estuary and inner Bristol
Channel, southwest Britain. Philosophical Transactions.
Royal Society of London. Series B. 338: 335-364.
Andersen, K.F. 1954. Gales and gale damage to forests, with
special reference to the effects of the storm of 31st
January 1953, in the northeast of Scotland. Forestry. 27:
97-121.
Andersen, L.M., A.L. Clarke, J.H. Cook. 1981. Lessons from
hurricane David. Journal of Arboriculture. 7(8): 215-217. *
Anderson, J.A.R. 1964. Observations on climatic damage in peat
swamp forests in Sarawak. Commonwealth Forest Review.
43: 145-158. *
Angel, H. 1988. Storm damage October 16, 1987. Arboricult. J.
12: 225-230.
anon. 1971. [The Göttingen Conference on forest storm damage.
February 1973]. Forstarchiv. 44(3): 41-75. *
Applefield, M., D.J. Pool, and R.B. McDonald. 1979. An assessment
of damage by hurricane David to the forests of Dominica.
International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Rio Piedras.
Puerto Rico. *
Applegate, G.B., and A.L. Bragg. 1992. Recovery of coastal
lowland rainforest damaged by cyclone 'Winifred' - a
photographic record. Queensland Forest Service. Technical
Paper No. 51.
Armson, R.A., and R.J. Fessenden. 1973. Forest windthrows and
their influence on soil morphology. Soil Science Society of
America Proceedings. 37: 781-783. *
Atterson, J. 1980. Gambling with gales. Paper for British
Association for the Advancement of Science. Section K
(Forestry). Salford. *
Return to the top of the list.
Baker, G.T. 1915. A windfall problem. Forest Quarterly. 13: 317-
324.
Baldwin, H.I. 1940. Natural regeneration on white pine lands
following the hurricane. Fox Forest Notes No. 21.
Barker, D., and D. Miller. 1990. Hurricane Gilbert:
anthropomorphizing a natural disaster. Area. 22: 107-116.
Barry, P.J., R.L. Anderson, and K.M. Swain, Sr. 1982. How to
evaluate and manage storm-damaged forest areas. USDA Forest
Service. Southeast Area Forest Report SA-F220. Atlanta,
Georgia. Forest Pest Management.*
Basnet, K. 1990. Studies of ecological and geological factors
controlling the pattern of tabonuco forests in the Luquillo
Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Phd. Dissertation. Rutgers
University.
Basnet, K., G.E. Likens, F.N. Scatena, and A.E. Lugo. 1992.
Hurricane Hugo: damage to a tropical rain forest in Puerto
Rico. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 8: 47-55.
Bates, C.G. 1929. Efectos del huracan del 13 de septiembre 1928
en distintos arboles. Revista de Agricultura. Puerto Rico.
23(3): 113-117. *
Bates, C.G. 1930. Hurricane damage to Porto Rican forests.
Journal of Forestry. 28: 772-774.
Baur, G.N. 1964. The ecological basis of rain forest management.
Department of Conservation. New South Wales. *
Beard, J.S. 1945. The progress of plant succession on Soufriere
on St. Vincent. Journal of Ecology. 33: 1-9.
Beard, J.S. 1948. The natural vegetation of the wind-ward and
leeward islands. Oxford Forestry Memo No. 21. The Clarendon
Press.
Behre, C.E. 1921. A study of windfall in the Adirondacks. Journal
of Forestry. 19: 632-637.
Bellingham, P.J. 1991. Landforms influence patterns of hurricane
damage: evidence from Jamaican montane forests. Biotropica.
23(4): 427-433.
Bellingham, P.J. 1993. Resistance and resilience of a Jamaican
montane forest to disturbance by a hurricane. PhD.
University of Cambridge. *
Bellingham, P.J., V. Kapos, N. Varity, J.R. Healey, E.V.J.
Tanner, D.L. Kelly, J.W. Dalling, L.S. Burns, D. Lee, and G.
Sidrak. 1992. Hurricanes need not cause high mortality: the
effects of Hurricane Gilbert on forests in Jamaica. Journal
of Tropical Ecology. 8: 217-223.
Bellingham, P.J., E.V.J. Tanner, and J.R. Healey. 1994. Sprouting
of trees in Jamaican montane forests, after a hurricane.
Journal of Ecology. 82: 747-758.
Bethge, K., and C. Mattheck. 1995. New methods for the assessment
of wood quality in standing trees. Pg. 227-236 in M.P.
Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Blackburn, P., J.A. Petty, and K.F. Miller. 1988. An assessment of
the static and dynamic factors involved in windthrow.
Forestry. 61: 29-43. *
Blackwell, P.G., K. Rennolls, and M.P. Coutts. 1990. A root
anchorage model for shallowly rooted Sitka spruce. Forestry.
63(1): 73-91.
Boe, K.N. 1965. Windfall after experimental cuttings in old-
growth redwood. Proceedings. Society of American Foresters.
65: 59-63.
Bohrmann, F.H., and G.E. Likens. 1979. Catastrophic disturbance
and the steady state in northern hardwood forests. American
Scientist. 67: 660-669.
Boose, E.R., D.R. Foster, and M. Fluet. 1994. Hurricanes and
landscape-level disturbance in tropical and temperate
forests. Ecological Monographs. 64: 369-400.
Booth, T.C. 1974. Topography and wind risk. Irish Forestry.
31(2): 130-134. *
Booth, T.C. 1974. Silviculture and management of high-risk
forests in Great Britain. Irish Forestry. 31(2): 145-153. *
Booth, T.C. 1977. Windthrow hazard classification. Forestry
Commission. Research Information Note. 22-77 SILN.*
Booth, T.C. 1979. Windflow over topography. For. Comm. Repl. For
Res. HMSO. London 9-20. *
Bornebusch, C.H. 1937. [Report on the incidence of storm damage
in the spruce thinning plots in Hastrup Plantation]
Forstlige Forsogsvoesen i Danmark. 14(2): 161-172. *
Boucher, D.H. (in press). Frecuencia de pertubaciòn de la selva
de la costa Atlàntica nicaragüense por huracanes: una vez en
el siglo. Wani (Managua, Nicaraqua). *
Boucher, D.H. 1990. Growing back after hurricanes: catastrophes
may be critical to rain forest dynamics. BioScience. 40(3):
163-166.
Boucher, D.H. 1989. When the hurricane destroyed the rain forest.
Biology Digest. 16(3): 11-18.
Boucher, D.H., J.H. Vandermeer, K. Yih, and N. Zamora. 1990.
Contrasting hurricane damage in tropical rain forest and
pine forest. Ecology 7(15): 2022-2024.
Bouchon, J. 1987. Etatde la recherche relative aux dejats
forestiers dus aux tempetes. Revue For. Fr. 39: 301-312. *
Boyd, D.M., and T.H. Webb. 1981. The influence of the soil factor
on tree stability in Balmoral Forest, Canterbury, during the
gale of August 1975. New Zealand Journal of Forestry. 26(1):
96-102. *
Braastad, H. 1978. [Thinning intensity and frequency of damage.
Report on snow and wind damage in research plot 918.] Norsk
Skogbruk. 24(5): 20. *
Brake, R.W., and H.A. Post. 1941. Natural restocking of hurricane
damaged (old-field white pine) areas in north central
Massachusetts. MS Thesis. Harvard University. Cambridge*
Bray, W.L. 1901. Destruction of timber by the Galveston storm.
Forester. 7: 53-56. *
Brennan, J.W. 1991. Meteorological summary of Hurricane Hugo.
Journal of Coastal Research. Special Issue 8: 1-12.
Brewer, C.W. and N.E. Linnartz. 1973. The recovery of hurricane-
bent loblolly pine. Louisiana State University Forestry Note
104. Baton Rouge, LA.
Brewer, R., and P.G. Merritt. 1978. Wind throw and tree
replacement in a climax beech-maple forest. Oikos. 30:
149-152.
Brokaw, N.V.L. 1985. Treefalls, Regrowth, and community structure
in tropical forests. Pg. 53-69 in S.T.A. Pickett and P.S.
White (eds.) The ecology of natural disturbance and patch
dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando.
Brokaw, N.V.L., and J.S. Grear. 1991. Forest structure before and
after Hurricane Hugo at three elevations in the Luquillo
Mountains, Puerto Rico. Biotropica. 23(4): 386-392.
Brokaw, N.V.L., and L.R. Walker. 1991. Summary of the effects of
Caribbean hurricanes on vegetation. Biotropica. 23(4): 442-
447.
Bromley, S.W. 1939. Factors influencing tree destruction during
the New England hurricane. Science. 90:15-16.
Brooks, C.F. 1938. West Indian hurricanes that blast New England.
Blue Hill Notes. No. 1. *
Brooks, C.F. 1939a. The hurricane -- meteorological postscript.
Harvard Alumni Bulletin. 41:1165-1168. *
Brooks, C.F. 1939b. The meteorology of the hurricane.
Proceedings. New Hampshire Academy of Science. 1: 17-19. *
Brooks, C.F. 1939c. Hurricanes into New England: meteorology of
the storm of September 21, 1938. Smithsonian Institution
Report 3563. 241-251. *
Brooks, C.F. 1945. The New England hurricane of September, 1944.
Geographical Review. 35: 132-136. *
Brouard, N.R. 1967. Damage by tropical cyclones to forest
plantations with particular reference to Mauritius.
Government Printer. Port Louis, Mauritius. *
Brown, J.W. 1958. Forest history of Mount Moosilauke. Part II.
Big logging days and their aftermath (1890-1940).
Appalachia. 24: 221-233. *
Browne, F.G. 1949. Storm forest in Kelantan. Malayan Forester.
12: 28-33.
Bull, G.A.D., and E.R.C. Reynolds. 1968. Wind turbulence
generated by vegetation and its implications. Forestry
(supplement): 28-37.
Brünig, E.F. 1973. [Storm damage as a risk factor in wood
production in the most important wood-producing regions of
the earth]. Forstarchiv. 44(7): 137-140. *
Burden, T.R.G. 1993. Dynamics of trees in strong winds.
Dissertation. University of Nottingham. *
Burdett, A.N. 1979. Juvenile instability in planted pines. Irish
Forestry. 36: 36-47. *
Burger, H. 1932. Sturmsschaden. Mitt. d. Schweiz. firstl.
Versuchsw.*
Burt, S.D., and D.A. Mansfield. 1988. The great storm of 15-16
October 1987. Weather. 43: 90-114. *
Busby, J.A. 1965. Studies on the stability of conifer stands.
Scottish Forestry. 19: 86-102.
Bush, D.M. 1991. Impact of Hurricane Hugo on the rocky coast of
Puerto Rico. Journal of Coastal Research. Special Issue
8: 49-67.
Butler, O. 1938. New England's storm-struck trees. American
Forests. 44: 486-527.
Return to the top of the list.
Caborn, J.M. 1965. Shelterbelts and windbreaks. Faber and Faber.
London. *
Canham, C.D. 1978. Catastrophic windthrow in the hemlock-
hardwood forest of Wisconsin. MS Thesis. University of
Wisconsin. Madison.
Canham, C.D. 1990. Suppression and release during canopy
recruitment in Fagus grandifolia. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club. 117(1): 1-7.*
Canham, C.D., and O.L. Loucks. 1984. Catastrophic windthrow in
the presettlement forests of Wisconsin. Ecology. 65(3): 803-
809.
Cannell, M, and M. Coutts. 1988. Growing in the wind. New
Scientist. 117: 42-46. *
Chabreck, R.H., and A.W. Palmisano. 1973. The effects of
Hurricane Camille on the marshes of the Mississippi River
delta. Ecology. 54(5): 1118-1123.
Chamberlain, J.L. 1959. Influence of hurricane Audrey on the
coastal marsh of southwestern Louisiana. Coastal Studies
Institute. Louisiana State University Technical Report. 10 B
ONR 35608.
Champs, J., J.L. de Ferron, D.M. Michaud, and N. Savatier. 1983.
[Lessons of the storm of November 6/8 1982.] Annales de
recherches sylvicoles. AFOCEL. 5-10. *
Chandler, K.C. 1968. Climatic damage to forests of the Tapanui
district. New Zealand Journal of Forestry. 13: 98-110. *
Channing, W. 1939. New England hurricanes, 1635, 1815, 1938.
Chandler Press. Boston. *
Chen, J.M., T.A. Black, M.D. Novak, and R.S. Adams. 1995. A wind
tunnel study of turbulent airflow in forest clearcuts. Pg.
71-87 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Cheston, C.E. 1940. Rehabilitation of the 1938 hurricane damaged
areas in New England. MS Thesis. Yale University. New Haven. *
Christensen, J.B. 1987. [Plans for specific aspects of forestry
and their integration with the general management plan for
the enterprise for the impact of catastrophic events such as
storm damage.] Nederlands Bosbouwtijdscrift. 59: 58-62. *
Clapp, R.T. 1938. The effects of the hurricane upon New England
forests. Journal of Forestry. 36: 1177-1181.
Clark, D. B. 1990. The role of disturbance in the regeneration of
neotropical moist forests. Pages 291-315 in K. S. Bawa & M.
Hadley (eds.), Reproductive ecology of tropical forest
plants. Man and the Biosphere Series, Vol. 7, UNESCO and
Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris.
Cline, A.C. 1939. The restoration of watershed forests in the
hurricane area. Journal of New England Water Works
Association. 53: 223-237.
Conrad, V. 1945. Some remarks on the destructive effects of the
hurricane, September 14-15, 1944 observed at Hyannis, Cape
Cod, Massachusetts. Transactions. American Geophysical
Union. 26: 217-219.
Conner, W.H., J.W. Day, Jr., R.H. Baumann, and J.M. Randall.
1989. Influence of hurricanes on coastal ecosystems along
the northern Gulf of Mexico. Wetland Ecol.Manag. 1: 45-56.
Conway, M.F. 1959. Hurricane damage in Northland. New Zealand
Journal of Forestry. 8(1): 151-152.
Coutts, M.P. 1983. Root architecture and tree stability. Plant
and Soil. 71: 171-188.
Craighead, F.C., and V.C. Gilbert. 1962. The effects of hurricane
Donna on the vegetation of southern Florida. The Quarterly
Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 25(1): 1-28.
Crampton, P. 1988. Before and after the hurricane in and around
Canterbury. Meresborough Books. Rainham. *
Crawford, D.B. 1968. Wind damage in private woodlands. Forestry
(supplement): 84-93.
Cremer, K.W., C.J. Borough, F.H. McKinnell, and P.R. Carter.
1982. Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in
plantations. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science.
12: 244-268.
Cremer, K.W., B.J. Myers, F. Van der Duys, and I.E. Craig. 1977.
Silvicultural lessons from the 1974 windthrow in radiata
pine plantations near Canberra. Australian Forestry. 40(4):
274-292.
Cruickshank, J.G., N. Stephens, and L.J. Symons. 1962. Report of
the hurricane in Ireland on Saturday 16th September, 1961.
Irish Naturalist Journal. 14: 4-12.
Cunningham, A.P. 1975. Storm damage north-east Ruahine Range. New
Zealand Forest Service Napier Office. (unpublished report) *
Curtis, J.D. 1943. Some observations on wind damage. Journal of
Forestry. 41: 877-882.
Cutler, D.F. 1988. Kew after the storm: new research. Biologist.
35: 239-243. *
Cutler, D.F., and P.E. Gasson. 1988. Wind blown trees: research
at the Jodrell Laboratory Kew. Arboricultural Journal. 12:
231-236.
Cutler, D.F., P.E. Gasson, M.C. Farmer. 1989. The windblown tree
root survey: preliminary results. Arboricultural Journal.
13: 219-242.
Cutler, D.F., P.E. Gasson, M.C. Farmer. 1990. The windblown tree
root survey: analysis of results. Arboricultural Journal.
14: 265-286.
Return to the top of the list.
Dale, V.H., M. Hemstrom, and J.F. Franklin. 1983. The effect of
disturbance frequency on forest succession in the Pacific
Northwest. Portland, Oregon: Society of American Foresters.
300-304.*
Dale, V.H., M. Hemstrom, and J.F. Franklin. 1986. Modeling the
long-term effects of disturbances on forest succession,
Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research. 16: 56-67.
Dallmeier, F., C.M. Taylor, J.C. Mayne, M. Kabel, and R. Rice.
1991. Effects of the Hurricane Hugo on the Bisley
Biodiversity Plot, Luquillo Biosphere Reserve, Puerto Rico.
UNESCO-MAB Digest II.
Dalrymple, N.K., and J.B. Fisher. 1994. The relationship between
the number of expanded and developing leaves in shoot apices
of palms. American Journal of Botany. 81(12): 1576-1581
Danguy des Deserts, D., P. de la Broise, G. Soulieres. 1988. Les
dejats de l'Ouragan des 15-16 Octobre 1987 en Bretagne.
Revue Forestiere Francaise. 40: 89-98. *
Darling, N. 1842. Hurricane in New England, September, 1815.
American Journal of Science and Arts. 42: 243-252.
Davis, G.E., L.L. Loope, C.T. Roamn, T.J. Smith III, T.J.
Tilmant, And M. Soukup. 1994. Assessment of the impacts of
Hurricane Andrew on the natural and archaeological
resources. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service. Denver.*
Dawson, K.B. 1970. Storm damage to the vegetation of Kapiti
Island, Easter 1968. Bulletin of Natural Science
(Wellington). 1: 35-44. *
Day, W.R. 1934. Wind damage on Scots and Corsican pine. Quarterly
Journal of Forestry. 28: 226-229. *
Day, W.R. 1950. The soil conditions which determine windthrow in
forests. Forestry. 23: 90-95.
Deans, J.D., and E.D. Ford. 1983. Modeling root structure and
stability. Plant and Soil. 71: 189-195.
Decei, I. et al. 1975. [Determining the volume losses of
coniferous trees by windthrow or wind breakage.] Studii si
Cercetari Institutul de Cercetari si Amenajari Silvice. I
(Silvicultura). 33: 91-98. *
De Champs, J., J.L. Ferron, D. Michaud, and N. Savatier. 1983.
Lecons a tirer de la tempete des 6-8 Novembre 1982. Ann.
Recherches Syviculture. 1982: 5-101. *
Decker, F.W., O.P. Cramer, and B.P. Harper. 1962. The Columbus
Day "Big Blow" in Oregon. Weatherwise. 15: 238-245.
Dengler, A. 1953. Waldbau. *
De Reure, G. 1987. La foret a nouveau gravement sinistree. Forets
France. 307: 2. *
Despres, F. 1987. Les chablis des 6 et 7 Novembre 1982 en
Auvergne. Revune Forestiere Francaise. 39: 281-287. *
DeWalle, D.R. 1983. Wind damage around clear cuts in the Ridge
and Valley Province of Pennsylvania. Journal of Forestry.
81: 158-159, 172.
Dewar, J. 1988. Clearance of windblown timber: progress to end
September 1988. Forest Windblown Action Committee Paper 8/2. *
Dittus, W.P.J. 1985. The influence of cyclones on the dry
evergreen forest of Sri Lanka. Biotropica. 17(1): 1-14.
Dobson, J.E., R.M. Rush, and R.W. Peplies. 1990. Forest blowdown
and lake acidification. Annls. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 80: 343-
361.*
Douglas, M.S. 1958. Hurricane. Rinehart & Co., Inc. New York. *
Duever, M., and McCollum. 1992. Major structural damage present
prior to Hurricane Hugo in old-growth forest trees at Four
Holes Swamp, South Carolina. Bulletin of the Ecological
Society of America. 73: 161.
Dunn, C.P., G.R. Guntenspergen, and J.R. Dorney. 1983.
Catastrophic wind disturbance in an old-growth hemlock-
hardwood forest, Wisconsin. Canadian Journal of Botany. 61:
211-217.
Dunn, G.E., and B.I. Miller. 1960. Atlantic Hurricanes. Louisiana
State University Press. New Orleans.
Dyer, R.C. 1988. Remote sensing identification of tornado tracks
in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Photogrammetric
Engineering and Remote Sensing. 54(10): 1429-1435.
Return to the top of the list.
Eager, G.D. 1976. Windthrow logging in Canterbury. Forest
Industries Review. 7(9): 36,40. *
Elling, A.E., and E.S. Verry. 1978. Predicting wind-caused
mortality in strip-cut stands of peatland black spruce.
Forestry Chronicle. 54: 249-252. *
Elmqvist, T., W.E. Rainey, E.D.Pierson, and P.A. Cox. 1994.
Effects of tropical cyclones Of a and Val on the structure
of a Samoan lowland rain forest. Biotropica. 26(4): 384-391.
Emmel, T.C. 1992. A field survey of endangered species habitats
and tropical hardwood hummocks in South Florida following
Hurricane Andrew - August 28-30, 1992. Florida Naturalist.
Fall: 12-22. *
Engstrom, R.T., and G.W. Evans. 1990. Hurricane damage to Red-
cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) cavity trees. Auk.
107: 608-610.
Ennos, A.R. 1995. Development of buttresses in rainforest trees:
the influence of mechanical stress. Pg. 293-304 in M.P.
Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Eschner, A.R., and D.R. Satterlund. 1966. Forest protection and
streamflow from an Adirondack watershed. Water Resources
Research. 2(4): 765-783.*
Etverk, I. 1972. [Factors affecting the resistance of stands to
storms.] Metsanduslikud Uurimused, Estonian SSR9: 222-236. *
Everglades National Park. 1992. Hurricane Andrew fuels and fire
behavior assessment. Fire Management Program. Homestead,
Florida.
Everham, E.M., III. 1995. A comparison of methods for quantifying
catastrophic wind damage to forests. Pg. 340-357 in M.P.
Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Everham, E.M., III. 1996. Hurricane disturbance and recovery: an
empirical and simulation study of vegetation dynamics in the
luquillo experimental forest, Puerto Rico. Ph.D. Thesis.
State University of New York College of Environmental
Science and Forestry. Syracuse.
Everham, E.M., III, and N.V.L. Brokaw. In press. Forest damage
and recovery from catastrophic wind. The Botanical Review.
Eyron, A.E. 1951 Gale-damaged oak forest on Trap Rock Ridge.
Audubon Field Notes. 5: 322-323.
Eyron, A.E. 1954. Gale-damaged oak forest. Audubon Field Notes.
8: 365-366.
Return to the top of the list.
Faber, P.J., and G. Sissingh. 1975. Stability of stands to wind.
I. A theoretical approach. II. The practical viewpoint.
Nederlands Bosbouw Tijdschrift. 47(7/8): 179-193. *
Fahey, D.J., and J.M. Cahill. 1983. Evaluation of blown down
Alaska spruce and hemlock trees for pulp. USDA Forest
Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station. Research Note PNW-407. Portland. *
Fakirov, V. 1975. [The unfavourable effect of wind on popular
plantations along the Danube]. Gorsko Stopanstro. 31(5):
28-32. *
Falinski, J.B. 1978. Uprooted trees, their distribution and
influence in the primeval forest biotope. Vegetatio. 38(3):
175-183.
Farrar, J. 1818. An account of the violent and destructive storm
of 23rd September 1815. Memoirs American Academy of Arts and
Science. 4: 92-97. *
Fathauer, T. 1977. Alaska tornadoes. Weatherwise. 30(3): 106-110. *
Faust, H. 1948.Investigation into forestry damage with regard to
the nature of wind in a gust. Meterologische Rendschan.
1(9/10). *
Featherston, K.L. 1987. A computer cartographic analysis of a
forested landscape's response to hurricane force wind in
central New England. MFS Thesis. Harvard University.
Cambridge. *
Felknor, P.S. 1992. The tri-state tornado: the story of America's
greatest tornado disaster. Iowa State University Press.
Ames.
Felt, E.P. 1939. Hurricane damage to shade trees. American
Forests. 45: 20.
Fernandez, D.S., and N. Fetcher. 1991. Changes in light
availability following Hurricane Hugo in a subtropical
montane forest in Puerto Rico. Biotropica. 23(4): 393-399.
Fillon, M. 1989. Les chablis de Bretagne. Ann. Mech. For. 1987/8:
96-120. *
Finnel, H.H. 1920. Effect of wind on plant growth. J. AM. Soc.
Agron. 20: 1206-1210. *
Finnigan, J.J., and Y. Brunet. 1995. Turbulent airflow in forests
on flat and hilly terrain. Pg. 3-40 in M.P. Coutts and J.
Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge.
Flanagan, M. 1988. The damage caused by Hurricane force winds to
the trees at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Arboricultural
Journal. 12: 181-188.
Fl”hr, W. 1973. [Guidelines for the management of gale-damaged
stands in the plan of East Germany.] Sozialistische
Forstwirtschaft. 23(6): 166-169. *
Florida Division of Forestry. 1976. Hurricane Eliose.
(miscellaneous unpublished report). *
Fons, W.L. 1940. Influence of forest cover on wind velocity.
Journal of Forestry. 38: 481-486.
Foot, D.L. 1975. Forest management in Craik: a review of current
thinking with special reference to windblow. Scottish
Forestry. 29: 129-134. *
Ford, E.D. 1980. Can we design a short rotation silviculture for
windthrow prone areas? Pg 25-34 in D.C. Malcolm (ed.)
Research strategy for silviculture. Institute of Foresters
of Great Britian. *
Ford, E.D. 1982. Catastrophe and disruption in forest ecosystems
and their implications for plantation forestry. Scottish
Forestry. 36(1): 9-24. *
Fosberg, M.A. 1986. Windthrown trees on the Kings River Ranger
District, Sierra National Forest: meteorological aspects.
USDA Forest Service PSW Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Research Note. PSW-381.*
Foster, D.R. 1988a. Species and stand response to catastrophic
wind in central New England, U.S.A. Journal of Ecology. 76:
135-151.
Foster, D.R. 1988b. Disturbance history, community organization
and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah Forest,
south-western New Hampshire, U.S.A. Journal of Ecology. 76:
105-134.
Foster, D.R., and E.R. Boose. 1992. Patterns of forest damage
resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England,
USA. Journal of Ecology. 80: 79-98.
Foster, D.R., and E.R. Boose. 1995. Hurricane disturbance regimes
in temperate and tropical forest ecosystems. Pg. 305-339 in
M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Foster, J.R., and W.A. Reiners. 1986. Size distribution and
expansion of canopy gaps in a northern Appalachian spruce-
fir forest. Vegetation. 68: 109-114.*
Francis, G. 1976. Operation windblow. For. Home Grown Timb.
April/May: 10-11. *
Francis, J.K. and A.J.R. Gillespie. 1993. Relating gust speed to
tree damage in Hurricane Hugo, 1989. Journal of
Arboriculture. 19(6): 368-373.
Frangi, J.L., and A.E. Lugo. 1991. Hurricane damage to a flood
plain forest in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico.
Biotropica. 23(4) 324-335.
Fraser, A.I. 1962. The soil and roots as factors in tree
stability. Forestry. 35(2): 117-127.
Fraser, A.I. 1964. Wind tunnel and other related studies on
coniferous trees and tree crops. Scottish Forestry. 18:
84-92.
Fraser, A.I. 1965. The uncertainties of wind damage in forest
management. Irish Forestry. 22(1): 23-30.
Fraser, A.I., and J.B.H. Gardiner. 1967. Rooting and stability in
Sitka spruce. For. Comm. Bull. 40: 1-28.*
Fuhrer, E. von, and K. Kerck. 1978a. Forest protection problems
in wind-damaged pine pole forest in Luneburg Heath, I, Brood
quality of windthrown timber for insect pests.
Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt. 97(1): 12-25. *
Fuhrer, E. von, and K. Kerck. 1978b. Forest protection problems
in wind-damaged pine pole forest in Luneburg Heath, II,
Injury of remaining standing trees and adjacent stands by
bark breeding insects. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt.
97(3): 156-167. *
Furley, P.A., and W.W. Newey. 1979. Variations in plant
communities with topography over tropical limestone soils.
Journal of Biogeography. 6: 1-15.
Return to the top of the list.
Galinski, W. 1989. A windthrow-risk estimation for coniferous
trees. Forestry. 62(2): 139-146.
Gallagher, G.J. 1974. Windthrow in state forests in the Republic
of Ireland. Irish Forestry. 31(2): 154-167.
Gardiner, B.A. 1992. Mathematical modelling of the static and
dynamic characteristics of plantation trees. Pp. 40-61 in J.
Franke and A. Roeder (eds.) Mathematical modelling of Forest
Ecosystems. Sauerlander's Verlag, Frankfurt an Main. *
Gardiner, B.A. 1994. Wind and wind forces in a plantation spruce
forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 67: 161-186. *
Gardiner, B.A. 1995. The interactions of wind and tree movement
in forest canopies. Pg. 41-59 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace
(eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge.
Gardner, L.R., W.K. Michner, E.R. Blood, T.M. Williams, D.J.
Lipscomb, and W.H. Jefferson. 1991. Ecological impact of
Hurricane Hugo - salinization of a coastal forest. Journal
of Coastal Research. Special Issue 8: 301-317.
Gastaldo, R.A. 1990. The paleobotanical character of log
assemblages necessary to differentiate blow-down resulting
from cyclonic winds. Palaios. 5: 472-483. *
Gentry, R.C. 1966. Nature and scope of hurricane damage. American
Society for Oceanography Publication. 1: 229-241. *
Gentry, R.C. 1974. Hurricanes in South Florida. Pg. 73-81 in P.J.
Gleason (ed.) Environments of South Florida: present and
past. Memoir No. 2. Miami Geological Society. Miami.
Gibbs, J.N., and B.J.W. Griwg. 1989. Investigations on tree
damage caused by the Great Gale. In 'After the storm - one
year on'. Proceedings Tree Council Conference. 4 October,
1988. Oxford. Tree Council. London. *
Glitzenstein, J.S., and P.A. Harcombe. 1988. Effects of the
December 1983 tornado on forest vegetation of the Big
Thicket, southeast Texas, U.S.A. Forest Ecology and
Management. 25: 269-290.
Gloyne, R.W. 1967. Wind as a factor in hill climates. Pg. 59-67
in J.A. Taylor (ed) Weather and Agriculture. Pergamon,
Oxford. *
Gloyne, R.W. 1968. The structure of wind and its relevance to
forestry. In R.M.V. Palmer (ed) Report of the Eighth
Discussion Meeting, Society of Foresters of Great Britain.
Forestry (supplement). 41:7-19.
Glynn, P.W., I.R. Almodòvar and J.G. González. 1964. Effects of
hurricane Edith on marine life in La Parguera, Puerto Rico.
Caribbean Journal of Science. 4(2,3): 335-345. *
Godwin, G.E. 1968. The influence of wind on forest management and
planning. Forestry (supplement): 60-66.
Gordon, D.T. 1973. Damage from wind and other causes in mixed
white fir/red fir stands adjacent to clearcuts. USDA Forest
Service Research Paper PSW-90. *
Grace, J. 1976. Wind damage to vegetation. Pg. 209-220 in H.
Smith (ed.) Commentaries in Plant Science. Pergamon Press.
Oxford.
Grace, J. 1981. Some effects of wind on plants. Pp. 31-56 in J.
Grace, E.D. Ford, and P.G. Jarvis (eds.) Plants and Their
Atmospheric Environment. Blackwell Scientific. Oxford. *
Grace, J. 1977. Plant response to wind. Academic Press, London.
204 pp.
Graham, F., Jr. 1990. Matchsticks! Effects of Hurricane Hugo on
forests of South Carolina. Audubon. 92: 44-51.
Gratkowski, H.J. 1956. Windthrow around staggered settings in
old-growth Douglas-fir. Forest Science 2(1): 60-74.
Grayson, A.J. 1989. The 1987 storm: impacts and responses.
Forestry Commission Bulletin. 87: 1-46.
Greeley, A.W., K.H. Wright, and R.B. Pope. 1953. Final report on
the 1952 blowdown - bark beetle survey in the Douglas-fir
region of Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service Pacific
Northwest Range Experiment Station. *
Greene, S.E., P.A. Harcombe, M.E. Harmon, and G. Spycher. 1992.
Patterns of growth, mortality and biomass change in a
coastal Picea sitchensis - Tsuga heterophylla forest.
Journal of Vegetation Science. 3: 697-706.
Gresham, C.A., T.M. Williams, and D.J. Lipscomb. 1991. Hurricane
Hugo wind damage to southeastern U.S. coastal forest tree
species. Biotropica. 23(4): 420-426.
Guillery, C. 1987a. Introduction (Les Chablis). Revue Forestiere
Francaise. 39: 245-248. *
Guillery, C. 1987b. Le temps de chablis. Revue for. Fr. 39: 249-
256. *
Guitard, D.G.E., and P. Castera. 1995. Experimental analysis and
mechanical modeling of wind-induced tree sways. Pg. 182-193
in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Gunter, G., and L.N. Eleuterius. 1971. Some effects of hurricanes
on terrestrial biota, with special reference to Camille.
Gulf Research Reports. 3: 283-289.
Return to the top of the list.
Hall, C.A., M.R. Taylor, and E. Everham. 1992. A geographically-
based ecosystem model and its application to the carbon
balance of the Luquillo Forest, Puerto Rico. Water, Air,
and Soil Pollution. 64: 385-404.
Hall, T.H.R. 1987. Hurricane damage, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
and Wakehurst Place, Friday, October 16, 1987. Arboricult.
J. 11: 289-295.
Hamilton, G.J. 1980. Windthrow hazard classification. In G.J.
Hamilton (ed) Line Thinning. Forestry Commission Leaflet 77.
London. *
Hammond, J.M. 1990. The stormy winds experienced during the late
winter of 1989/90 over the United Kingdom; historical
perspectives. Meteorological Magazine (London). 119:
211-219. *
Hannah, P., J.P. Palutikof, and C.P. Quine. 1995. Predicting
windspeeds for forest areas in complex terrain. Pg. 113-132
in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Hansen, H.L., V. Kurmir, and D.D. Ness. 1974. The ecology of
upland forest communities and implications for management
in Itasca State Park, Minnesota. University of Minnesota
Agricultural Experimental Station. Technical Bulletin 298.
Forestry Series 16. St. Paul, Minnesota. *
Hansen, T.S. 1937. Storm damage on the Cloquet Forest. Journal of
Forestry. 35: 463-465.
Harcombe, P.A., and P.L. Marks. 1983. Five years of tree death in
a Fagus-Magnolia forest, southeast Texas (USA). Oecologia.
57: 49-54.
Harding, P.T., K.N. Alexander, M.A. Anderson, and D. Lonsdale.
1988. Conserving insect habitats provided in dead
broadleaved wood by the wind damage of 16th October 1987.
Research Information Note 136. Forestry Commission.
Edinbugh. *
Harley, R.M. 1968. How wind influences the private owner.
Forestry (supplement): 51-59.
Harris, A.S. 1989. Winds in the forests of Southeast Alaska and
guides for reducing damage. USDA Forest Service. General
Technical Report. PNW-GTE-244. *
Harris, R.O. 1970. Notable British gales of the past fifty years.
Weather. 25: 57-88. *
Harris, V.T., and R.H. Chabreck. 1958. Some effects of Hurricane
Audrey on the marsh at Marsh Island, Louisiana.
Proceedings. Louisiana Academy of Science. 21: 47-50. *
Hartshorn, G.S. 1980. Neotropical forest dynamics. Biotropica.
12: 23-30.
Hawes, A.F. 1939. Hurricane damaged forests still an important
state asset. Rady and Company. Rockville, Connecticut. *
Healey, J.R. 1990. Regeneration in a Jamaican montane tropical
rain forest. Phd Dissertation. University of Cambridge.*
Heger, A. 1942. Waldbauliche Planung und Forstschutz. Tharandter
forstliches Fabrbuch.*
Heinselman, M.L. 1955. Timber blowdown hazard in the Rainy River
section of Minnesota. USDA Forest Service Technical Note
433. Lake States Forest Experiment Station. *
Heisohn, G.E., and A.V. Spain. 1974. Effects of a tropical
cyclone on littoral and sub-littoral biotic communities and
on a population of dugongs (Dugong dugong (Müller)). Biol.
Conserv. 6(2): 143-152. *
Helliwel, D.R. 1989. Treeroots and the stability of trees.
Arboricultural Journal. 13: 243-248. *
Hemstrom, M.A., and J.F. Franklin. 1982. Fire and other
disturbances of the forests in Mount Rainer National Park.
Quaternary Research. 18: 32-51. *
Hendrick, E. 1988. Windthrow risk classification for thinning.
Unpublished report. Irish Forest Service. Bray. *
Henkel, W. 1975. [Problems of the choice of species for
reforestation of wind-damaged areas in the Harz Mountains.]
Sozialistische Forstwirtschaft. 25(1): 14-15. *
Henry, J.D., and J.M.A. Swan. 1974. Reconstructing forest history
from live and dead plant material - an approach to the study
of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire. Ecology.
55: 772-783.
Hill, G. 1988. Hurricane force: the study of the storm of October
1987. Collins. London. *
Hill, H.W. 1979. Severe damage to forests in Canterbury, New
Zealand resulting from orographically reinforced winds. Pg
22-40 in Symposium of Forest Meteorology. World
Meteorological Organization 527. Canadian Forest Service. *
Hintikka, V. 1972. Wind-induced root movements in forest trees.
Mets„ntutkimuslaitoksen Julkaisuja. 76(2): 1-56. *
Hirata. Protection of a stand against storm damage. Bulletin of
the Tokio University Forest. No. 39. *
Hobgood, J.S., and R.S. Cerveny. 1988. Ice-age hurricanes and
tropical storms. Nature. 33: 243-245. *
Holmes, S.R. 1985. An analysis of windthrow along clearcut
boundaries in the Tsitika watershed. Unpublished BSF Thesis.
Faculty of Forestry. University of British Columbia. *
Holtam, B.W. 1971. Windblow of Scottish forests in January 1968.
Forestry Commission Bulletin. 45.
Hook, D.D., M.A. Buford, and T.M. Williams. 1991. Impact of
hurricane Hugo on the South Carolina coastal plain forest.
Journal of Coastal Research. Special Issue 8: 291-300.
Hopkins, M.S., and Graham, A.W. 1987. Gregarious flowering in a
lowland tropical rainforest: a possible response to
disturbance by Cyclone Winifred. Australian Journal of
Ecology. 12: 25-29.
Hubert, E.E. 1918. Fungi as contributory causes of wind-fall in
the Northwest. Journal of Forestry. 16: 696-714.
Hutnik, R.J. 1952. Reproduction on windfalls in a northern
hardwood stand. Journal of Forestry. 50: 693-694.
Hütte, P. 1968. Experiments on windflow and wind damage in
Germany; site susceptibility of spruce forests to storm
damage. Forestry (supplement): 20-27.
Return to the top of the list.
Inglis, D.W.F. 1992. A field and modeling study of airflow over
complex terrain and in forest canopies. Ph.D. Thesis. UMIST.
Manchester, UK. *
Inglis, D.W.F., T.W. Choularton, I.M.F. Stromberg, B.A. Gardiner,
and M. Hill. 1995. Testing of a linear airflow model for
flow over complex terrain and subject to stable, structured
stratification. Pg. 88-112 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace
(eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge.
Inglis. D.W.F., B.A. Gardiner, and T.W. Choularton. 1991. A model
of airflow above and within a forest canopy in a region of
complex terrain. In Proceedings of the 20th Conference on
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. Salt Lake City. *
Institut International d'Agriculture 1933. Protection des Forets
contre le Vent.*
Irvine, R.E. 1970. The significance of windthrow for Pinus
radiata management in the Nelson district. New Zealand
Journal of Forestry. 15: 57-68.
Return to the top of the list.
Jacobs, M.R. 1936. The effect of wind on trees. Australian
Forestry. 1: 25-32. *
Jacobs, M.R. 1954. The effect of wind sway on the form and
development of Pinus radiata. Australian Journal of Botany.
2: 35-51. *
Jakobsen, B. 1986. [Abiotic injuries in Danish forests in the
period 1890-1984.] Forstlige Forsogsvaesen: Denmark. 40(3):
213-224. *
James, J.F., and H.V.S. Dier. 1968. Wind damage in Forestry
Commission forests and its influence on management. Forestry
(supplement): 78:83.
Jane, G.T. 1986. Wind damage as an ecological process in mountain
beech forests of Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand
Journal of Ecology. 9: 25-39. *
Jefferson, M.S.W. 1904. Wind effect. Journal of Geography
(Toyko). 3: 2-20. *
Jensen, V.S. 1941. Hurricane damage on the Bartlett Experimental
Forest. USDA Forest Service Northeast Forest Experimental
Station Technical Note 42. *
Jewula, E. 1975. [Localization of gale damage in montane forest
stands.] Sylwan. 119(10): 27-33. *
Johnson, M.F., and D.F. Chaffey. 1973. An inventory of the
Chiquibul Forest Reserve, Belize. Land Resources Study No.
14. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Overseas Development
Administration. Land Resources Division. Surrey. *
Johnson, M.S. 1971. New Hebrides condominium, Erromango Forest
inventory. Land Resource Study. Land Resources Division.
Directorate of Overseas Surveys. 10. *
Johnston, M.H. 1990. Successional change and species/site
relationships in a Puerto Rican Tropical Forest. PhD.
Thesis. State University of New York College of
Environmental Science and Forestry. Syracuse, New York.
Jones, E.W. 1955. Ecological studies on the rain forest of
southern Nigeria, IV. Journal of Ecology. 43: 564-594.*
Jones, E.W. 1956. Ecological studies on the rain forest of
southern Nigeria, IV. (cont.) Journal of Ecology.
44: 83-117.
Return to the top of the list.
Kanzaki, M. and K. Yoda. 1986. Regeneration in subalpine
coniferous forests II. Mortality and pattern of death of
canopy trees. Botanical Magazine, Tokyo. 99: 37-51. *
Kennedy, M.J. 1974. Windthrow and windsnap in forest plantations,
Northern Ireland. Michigan Geographical Publication No. 11.
University of Michigan. Ann Arbor.
Kerr, E. 1973. Trees that resist hurricanes. Tree Planters'
Notes. 24(1): 11,19.
King, D.A. 1986. Tree form, height growth, and susceptibility to
wind damage in Acer saccharum. Ecology. 67(4): 980-990.
King, H.C. 1945. Notes on the three cyclones in Mauritius in
1945: their effect on exotic plantations, indigenous forest
and on some timber buildings. The Empire Forestry Journal.
24: 192-195
Kleinschmit, J., and H.J. Otto. 1974. [Rehabilitation of the
gale-damage of forests of Lower Saxony.] Forst- und
Holzwirt. 29(1): 1-6. *
Knowlton, J. 1982. Wind damage: Urewera forest tract. New Zealand
Forest Service. (unpublished report). *
Koning, A.D. 1990. Gone with the winds of Hugo. USDA Forest
Service. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto
Rico. (unpublished report). *
Konôpka, J. 1973. [Basic demarcation of regions of wind and snow
damage in Slovakia.] Lesnícky Casopis. 19(2): 147-161. *
Konôpka, J. 1975. [Assessing the wind resistance of forest stands
on the basis of their mensurational values and of forest-
type groups.] Lesnícke Stúdie, Vyskumny Ustav Lesneho,
Hospodarstra, Zvolen. No. 23. *
Kremser, W., O. Sasse. 1977. [Documentation of the gale disaster
of 13 November 1972 (in Lower Saxony). 1. Description of
damage, 2. Harvesting the windthrown timber.] Aus dem Walde
No. 27. *
Kruijt, B. 1994. Turbulence over forest downwind of an edge.
Ph.D. Thesis. University of Groningen. The Netherlands. *
Kruijt, B., W. Klaassen, and R.W.A. Hutjes. 1995. Edge effects on
diffusivity in the roughness layer over a forest. Pg. 60-70
in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Return to the top of the list.
Lamb, J. 1989. The ecological effects of the great storm of
October 1987. NCC Report 937. Nature Conservancy Council,
Peterborough. *
Landsberg, J.J., and G.B. James. 1971. Wind profiles in plant
canopies: studies on an analytical model. Journal of Applied
Ecology. 8: 729-741.
Lawrence, W.T., D.R. Foster, W.K. Mitchener, and B. Kjerfve.
1991. The importance of scale in assessing the impact of
hurricanes on ecosystems. Bulletin of the Ecological Society
of America. 72: 171.
Lawton, R.O. 1982. Wind stress and elfin stature in a montane
rain forest tree: an adaptive explanation. American Journal
of Botany. 69: 1224-1230.
Lawton, R.O., and F.E. Putz. 1988. Natural disturbance and gap-
phase regeneration in a wind-exposed tropical cloud forest.
Ecology. 69(3): 764-777.
Lewin, R. 1983. Predators and hurricanes change ecology. Science.
221: 737-740.
Li, Z.J., J.D. Lin, and D.R. Miller. 1990. Air flow over and
through a forest edge: steady-state numerical simulation.
Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 51: 179-197. *
Liegel, L.H. 1984. Assessment of hurricane rain/wind damage in
Pinus caribea and Pinus oocarpa provenance trails in Puerto
Rico. Commonwealth Forestry Review. 63(1): 47-53.
Liegel, L.H. 1982. Growth, development, and hurricane resistance
of Honduras Pine in Puerto Rico. 1982. Noveno Simposo de
Recursos Naturales. Departmento de Recursos Naturales. San
Juan, Puerto Rico.
Lindo, L.S. 1968. The effect of hurricanes on the forests of
British Hondorus. In Changing Objectives of Forest
Management. Ninth Commonwealth Forestry Conference, India.
Government Printing Department. Belize. *
Lindo, L.S. 1968. The effect of hurricanes on the forests of
British Hondorus. Commonwealth Forestry Review. 47:248
Lindsey, A.A. 1972. Tornado tracks in the presettlement forests
of Indiana. Proceedings. Indiana Academy of Science.
82: 181. *
Lines, R. 1953. The Scottish gale damage. Irish Forestry. 10(1):
3-15.*
Lines, R. 1954. Investigation into damage by the gale of January
31st, 1953. Report for Forest Research of Forestry
Commission 1952-53. *
Lines, R. 1968. Wind effects on the forest. Forestry
(supplement).
Littlejohn, R.N. 1984. Extreme winds and forest devastation
resulting from Cyclone 'Bernie'. Weather and Climate. 4:
47-52. *
Liu, Q., H. Hytteborn. 1991. Gap structure, disturbance and
regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest. Journal of
Vegetation Science. 2: 391-402. *
Lodge, D.J., and W.H. McDowell. 1991. Summary of ecosystem-level
effects of Caribbean hurricanes. Biotropica. 23(4): 373-378.
Lodge, D.J., R.B. Waide, and J.M. Wunderle. 1989. Damage by
hurricane Gilbert to vegetation structure in Jamaica.
Proceedings. Association of Tropical Biology. Toronto,
Canada. *
Lodge, D.J., F.N. Scatena, C.E. Asbury, M.J. Sanchez. 1991. Fine
litterfall and related nutrient inputs resulting from
Hurricane Hugo in subtropical wet and lower montane rain
forests of Puerto Rico. Biotropica. 23(4) 336-342.
Lohmander, P., and F. Helles. 1987. Windthrow probability as a
function of stand characteristics and shelter. Scandinavian
Journal of Forest Resources. 2: 227-238. *
Loope, L., M. Duever, A. Herndon, J. Snyder, and D. Jansen. 1994.
Hurricane impact on uplands and freshwater swamp forest.
BioScience. 44(4): 238-246.
Lorimer, C.G. 1977. The presettlement forest and natural
disturbance cycle of northeastern Maine. Ecology. 58: 139-
148.
Lundgren, A.L. 1954. An investigation of the 1953 blowdown in
Itasca State Park. University of Minnesota. School of
Forestry. Unpublished Report.*
Ludlum, D.M. 1963. Early American Hurricanes 1492-1870. American
Meteorology Society. Boston. *
Lugo, A.E., M. Applefield, D.J. Pool, and R.B. McDonald. 1983.
The impact of Hurricane David on the forests of Dominica.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 13:201-211.
Lugo, A.E., and F.N. Scatena. 1995. Ecosystem-level properties of
the Luquillo Experimental Forest with emphasis on the
Tabonuco Forest. In A.E. Lugo and C. Lowe (eds) A century
of tropical forestry research: results from the first half,
plans for the second. Elsevier. New York.
Lugo, A.E., and S. Brown. 1981. Ecological monitoring in the
Luquillo Forest Reserve. Ambio. 10: 318-324.
Lugo, A.E., and R.B. Waide. 1993. Catastrophic and background
disturbance of tropical ecosystems at the Luquillo
Experimental Forest. Journal of BioScience. 18: 475-481. *
Luitjes, J. 1977. Development of insects in coniferous trees
damaged by gales of November 1972 and April 1973. Nederlands
Bosbouw Tidschrift. 49(1): 10-26. *
Lutz, H.J. 1940. The disturbance of forest soil resulting from
the uprooting of trees. Yale School of Forestry Bulletin.
45: 37.*
Lyford, W.H., and D.W. MacLean. 1966. Mound and pit microrelief
in relation to soil disturbance and tree distribution in New
Brunswick, Canada. Harv. Forest Pap. 15: 1-18.*
Lynott, R.E., and O.P. Cramer. 1966. Detailed analysis of the
1962 Columbus Day windstorm in Oregon and Washington.
Monthly Weather Review. 94(2): 105-117. *
Return to the top of the list.
Mackenzie, A.M., and R.K. Martin. 1971. Damage to the forests:
quantitative statements of areas and volumes of timber
windthrown. In B.W. Holtam (ed) Windblow of Scottish Forests
in January 1968. Forestry Commission Bulletin 45.
Macmillan-Browse, P. 1990. The wind storm of January 25th, 1990.
Arboricult. J. 14: 97-106.
Manley, B., and S. Wakelin. 1989. Modelling the effect of
windthrow at the estate level. In A. Somerville, S. Wakelin,
and L. Whitehouse (eds.) Workshop on Wind Damage in New
Zealand Exotic Forests. FRI Bulletin 146. Rotorua. *
Mason, E. 1979. Forest research Institute looks at mechanisation.
No. 62. They might grow well but will they stand up? Forest
Industries Review. New Zealand. 10(12): 4-5. *
Mason, R. 1950. Notes on regrowth in part of the Taratuas
following the 1936 storm. Wellington Bot. Soc. Bull.
22: 11-12. *
Mattheck, C. 1991. Trees: the mechanical design. Springer-Verlag.
Berlin. *
Mattheck, C., K. Bethge, and W. Albrecht. 1995. Failure modes of
trees and related failure criteria. Pg. 195-203 in M.P.
Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Mattheck, C. K. Bethge, and D. Erb. 1993. Failure criteria for
trees. Arboricultural Journal. 17: 201-209. *
Mayer, H. 1985. Baumschwingungen und Sturmgefährdung des Waldes
Wiss. Mitt. met. Inst., Münch No. 51. *
Mayer, H. 1987. Wind-induced tree sways. Trees. 1: 195-206 *
Mayer, H. 1988. [Mapping of potential storm risk of forest sites
in Bavaria.] Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt. 107:
239-251. *
Mayer, H. 1989. Windthrow. Philosophical Transactions. Royal
Society of London. Series B. 324: 267-281.
Maxwell McDonald, J. 1952. Wind damage in middle aged crops of
Sitka spruce. Scottish Forestry. 6: 82-85. *
McClure, H.E. 1945. Effects of a tornado on birdlife. Auk. 62:
414-418.
McCowan, V.F. 1961. Bark beetle conditions in areas damaged by
hurricane Donna. Fla. Bd. For. (unpublished memo). *
McIntosh, R.P. 1961. Windfall in forest ecology. Ecology 42: 834.
Mergen, F. 1954. Mechanical aspects of wind-breakage and
windfirmness. Journal of Forestry 52: 119-125.
Merkel, E.P. 1960. Examination of hurricane Donna-damaged pine on
the Corkscrew Experimental Forest. USDA Forest Service
Southeast Experiment Station (unpublished memo). *
Merrens, E.J., and D.R. Peart. 1992. Effects of hurricane damage
on individual growth and stand structure in a hardwood
forest in New Hampshire, USA. Journal of Ecology. 80: 787-
795.
Meyer, W.H., and B.A. Plusnin. 1945. The Yale Forest in Tolland
and Windham Counties, Connecticut. Yale School of Forestry
Bulletin. 55: 1-54. *
Miller, B.I. 1967. Characteristics of hurricanes. Science. 157:
1389-1399.
Miller, D.R., J.D. Lin, Z.N. Lu. 1991. Some effects of
surrounding forest canopy on wind field in small clearings.
Forest Ecology and Management. 45: 79-91. *
Miller, G.R., and D.L. Stoneburner. 1976. Effects of hurricane
processes on insular tree species. Abstract. 37th Annual
Meeting of the Association of Southeastern Biologists.
April 21-23.*
Miller, K.F. 1985. Windthrow hazard classification. U.K. Forestry
Commission. Leaflet 85. *
Miller, K.F. 1986a. Wind. In B. Hibberd (ed.) Forestry Practice.
Forestry Commission Bulletin 14. London. *
Miller, K.F. 1986b. Windthrow hazard in conifer plantation. Irish
Forestry. 43(1): 66-78. *
Miller, K.F., C.P. Quine, J. Hunt. 1987. The assessment of wind
exposure for forestry in upland Britain. Forestry. 60:
179-192.
Milne, R. 1991. Dynamics of swaying of Picea sitchensis. Tree
Physiology. 9: 383-399. *
Milne, R. 1995. Modeling mechanical stresses in living Sitka
spruce stems. 1995. Pg. 165-181 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace
(eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge.
Mitchell, S.J. 1992. A Synoptic Study of Windthrow in British
Columbia Partial Cuts. Ministry of Forests Silviculture
Branch. Silviculture Systems Project. Contract Report
SS066. *
Mitchell, S.J. 1995. A synopsis of windthrow in British Columbia:
occurrence, implications, assessment and management. Pg.
448-459 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Mitscherlich, G. 1973. [Forest and wind.] Allgemeine Forst- und
Jagdzeitung. 144(4): 76-81. *
Mitscherlich, G. 1974. Sturmgefahr und Sturmsicherung. Schweiz.
Zeitschr. f. Forstwesen. 125: 199-216. *
Monk, C.D. 1957. Plant communities of Hutcheson Memorial Forest
based on shrub distribution. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club. 84: 198-206. *
Moore, M.K. 1977. Factors contributing to blowdown in streamside
leave strips on Vancouver Island. British Columbia Ministry
of Forests. Land Management Report 3. Victoria, British
Columbia.*
Moore, P.D. 1988. Blow, blow thou winter wind. Nature. 336:
313.
Morgan, J.P., L.G. Lewis, and M. Wright. 1959. Morphological
effects of Hurricane Audrey on the Louisiana Coast. Coastal
Studies Institute. Louisiana State University Technical
Report Number 10. 10 B ONR 35608.
Moss, A.E. 1940. Effect on trees of wind-driven salt water.
Journal of Forestry. 38: 421-425.
Mueller, P.C., and M. G. Cline. 1959. Effect of mechanical soil
barriers and soil wetness on rooting of trees and soil-
mixing by blow-down in Central New York. Soil Science.
88(2): 107-111.
Return to the top of the list.
Naka, K. 1982. Community dynamics of evergreen broadleaf forests
in southwestern Japan I. Wind damaged trees and canopy gaps
in an evergreen oak forest. Botanical Magazine Tokyo. 95:
385-399. *
Nakashizuka, T. 1989. Role of uprooting in composition and
dynamics of an old-growth forest in Japan. Ecology. 70(5):
1273-1278.
Neckelmann, J. 1982. [Stabilizing measures in Norway spruce - and
the hurricane of November 1981.] Dansk Skovforenings
Tidssfrift. 67(1): 77-86. *
Nelson, B.W., V. Kapos, J.B. Adams, W.J. Oliveira, O.P.G. Braun,
and I.L. do Amaral. 1994. Forest disturbance by large
blowdowns in the Brazilian Amazon. Ecology. 75(3):853-858.
Nelson, T.C. and G.W. Stanley. 1959. Hurricane damage related to
thinning intensity in east Texas slash pine plantations.
Journal of Forestry 57: 39.
NETSA (Northeastern Timber Salvage Administration). 1943. Report
of the U.S. Forest Service Programs Resulting from the New
England Hurricane of September 21, 1938. Northeastern Timber
Salvage Administration. Boston. *
Neustein, S.A. 1971. Damage to forests in relation to topography,
soil and crops. In B.W. Holtam (ed) Windblow of Scottish
Forests in January 1968. Forestry Commission Bulletin 45.
Neustein, S.A. 1968. Restocking of windthrown forest. Forestry
Commission Research and Development Paper No. 75.
Nicholson, D.I. 1970. Forest management. Technical Report 3. In
Demonstration and Training in Forest, Forest Ranges, and
Watershed Management, the Philippines. FAO Rome, Italy. *
Nicoll, B.C., E.P. Easton, A.D. Milner, C. Walker, and M.P.
Coutts. 1995. Wind stability factors in tree selection:
distribution of biomass with root systems of Sitka spruce
clones. Pg. 276-292 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind
and Trees. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Nielsen, C.C.N. 1995. Recommendations for stabilisation of Norway
spruce stands based on ecological surveys. Pg. 424-435 in
M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Nilsson, S. 1974. [Changes in the quality of windthrown trees
left in the stand.] Rapporter och Uppsatser, Institutionen
f”r Skogsteknik. No. 72. *
Nilsson, S. 1975. [Salvage of windthrown forest.] Rapporter och
Uppsatser, Institutionen fĀr Skogsteknik. No. 84. *
Noguchi, Y. 1979. Deformation of trees in Hawaii and its relation
to wind. Journal of Ecology. 67: 611-628. *
Nonnemacher, R.M. 1970. Storm and the forester. Journal of
Forestry. 68: 712-714.
Norton, D.A. 1989. Tree windthrow and forest soil turnover.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 386-389.
Norton, D.A., and A.K. Wilson. 1981. A permanent quadrat in wind-
thrown Nothofagus fusca - N. solandri forest, Arhturs Pass
National Park. Mauri Ora. 9: 97-103. *
Return to the top of the list.
O'Brien, S.T., B.P. Hayden, and H.H. Shugart. 1992. Global
climatic change, hurricanes, and a tropical forest. Climatic
Change. 22: 175-190.
O'Cinneide, M.S. 1975. Aspect and wind direction as factors in
forest stability: the case of Northern Ireland. Journal of
Biogeography. 2: 137-140.
Ogden, J., R.A. Fordham, S. Pilkington, R.G. Serra. 1991. Forest
gap formation and closure along an altitudinal gradient in
Tongario National Park, New Zealand. Journal of Vegetation
Science. 2: 165-172.
Ogden, J.C. 1992. The impact of hurricane Andrew on the
ecosystems of south Florida. Conservation Biology. 6(4):
488-490.
Ogley, B. 1987. In the wake of the hurricane Westerham, Kent.
Froglet Publications.*
Oliver, C.D. 1981. Forest development in North America following
major disturbances. Forest Ecology and Management. 3:
153-168.
Oliver, C.D., and E.P. Stephens. 1977. Reconstruction of a mixed-
species forest in central New England. Ecology. 58:562-572.
Oliver, H.R., and G.J. Mayhead. 1974. Wind measurements in a pine
forest during a destructive gale. Forestry. 47: 185-195.
Orr, P.W. 1963. Windthrown timber survey in the Pacific Northwest
1962. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest region. *
Ottenheimer, D. 1992. Hurricane susceptibility and water quality
at Quabbin Forest Massachusetts. MS Thesis. State University
of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry.
Syracuse.
Otto, H.J. 1974. Nach dem Sturm-okologisch bestimmter Waldbau.
Der Forst- und Holzwirt. 29: 6-12. *
Otto, H.J. 1975. Forestry experience and conclusions from forest
catastrophies in Lower Saxony. Forst- und Holzwirt. 31(15):
285-295. BLL Translation RTS 11890. *
Overgaard, N.A., and L.E. Drake. 1970. Evaluation of bark beetle
infestations in storm-damaged timber on the Desoto National
Forest, Mississippi. USDA Forest Service. State and Private
Forest Southeast Area. Report No. 70-2-46. *
Return to the top of the list.
Palmer, R.W.V. 1968. Wind effects on the forest. Supplement to
Forestry. Eighth Discussion meeting. Oxford University
Press. *
Papesch, A.J.G. 1971. The problem of wind damage in Canterbury
forests. NZ Engineering. 26: 293-297. *
Patric, J.H. 1974. River flow increases in Central New England
after the Hurricane of 1938. Journal of Forestry. 72(1):
21-25.
Pears, N.Y. 1967. Wind as a factor in mountain ecology: some data
for the Cairngorm mountains. Scottish Geographical Magazine.
83: 118-124. *
Peart, D.R., C.V. Cogbill, and P.A. Palmiotto. 1992. Effects of
logging history and hurricane damage on canopy structure in
a northern hardwoods forest. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club. 119(1): 29-38.
Pegues, J.J. 1959. The effects of windthrow on forest management
on tree farm license number seven. Vancouver, British
Columbia. Thesis submitted to Board of Examiners Association
of British Columbia Foresters. *
Perley, S. 1891. Historic storms of New England. Salem Press.
Salem, Massachusetts. *
Persson, P. 1969. The influence of various thinning methods on
the risk of windfalls, snowbreaks and insect attacks. Pp.
169-174 in Thinning and Mechanization. IUFRO. Stockholm. *
Persson, P. 1975. [Windthrow in forests - its causes and the
effect of forestry measures.] Department of Forest Yield
Research. Royal College of Forestry. Research Note 36.
Stockhom, Sweden. *
Peterken, G. 1989. Defeating the great storm. Tree News. May, 14.
The Tree Council. London. *
Peterson, C.J., W.P. Carson, B.C. McCarthy, and S.T.A. Pickett.
1990. Microsite variation and soil dynamics within newly
created treefall pits and mounds. Oikos 58: 39-46.
Peterson, C.J., and S.T.A. Pickett. 1991. Treefall and
resprouting following catastrophic windthrow in an old-
growth hemlock-hardwoods forest. Forest Ecology and
Management. 42: 205-217.
Petrie, S.M. 1951. Gale warning! windthrow in western spruce
plantations. Journal. Forestry Commission. 22: 81-90.
Petty, J.A., and C. Swain. 1985. Factors influencing stem
breakage of conifers in high winds. Forestry. 58(1): 75-84.
Phillips, E.W.J., and D.G. Patterson. 1965. Two-stage windthrow
in Sitka Spruce. Quarterly Journal of Forestry. 59(4): 322-
326. *
Pickering, B.A. 1986. Factors affecting the dimensional variation
of microrelief resulting from forest windthrow and the
effect of the microrelief n forest regeneration. MS Thesis.
State University of New York college of Environmental
Science and Forestry. Syracuse.
Pimm, S.L., G.E. Davis, L. Loope, C.T. Roamn, T.J. Smith III, and
J.T. Tilmant. 1994. Hurricane Andrew. BioScience. 44(4):
224-229.
Platt, G., G. Evans, T. Engstrom. 1986. The legacy of Kate. Tall
Timbers Research Station Report. 8: 1-12.
Prien, S. 1974. [Protective measures against wind damage on a
basis of regional wind-damage classes.] Beiträge für die
Fortwirtschaft. 8(2): 65-68. *
Prien, S. 1974a. [Protective measures against wind damage on a
basis of regional wind damage classes.] Beiträge für die
Fortwirtschaft. 8(2): 65-68. *
Prien, S. 1974b. [Causes and contributory factors of wind damage
in the lushlands of East Germany.] Beiträge für die
Fortwirtschaft. 8(2): 69-76. *
Prior, K.W. 1959. Wind damage in exotic forests in Canterbury.
New Zealand Journal of Forestry. 8: 57-68. *
Pryor, L.D. 1937. Some observations of the roots of Pinus radiata
in relation to wind resistance. Australian Forestry.
2:37-40. *
Putz, F.E., and N.V.L. Brokaw. 1989. Sprouting of broken trees on
Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecology. 70(2): 508-512.
Putz, F.E., and H.T. Chan. 1986. Tree growth, dynamics, and
productivity in a mature mangrove forest in Malaysia. Forest
Ecology and Management. 17: 211-230.
Putz, F.E., P.D. Coley, K. Lu, A. Montalavo, and A. Aiello. 1983.
Uprooting and snapping of trees: structural determinants and
ecological consequences. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research. 13: 1011-1020.
Putz, F.E., and R.R. Sharitz. 1991. Hurricane damage to old-
growth forest in Congaree Swamp National Monument, South
Carolina, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21:
1765-1770.
Pyatt, D.G. 1968. Forest Management in forests affected by
winds. Forestry (supplement): 67-77.
Return to the top of the list.
Qinghong, L, and H. Hytteborn. 1991. Gap structure, disturbance
and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest. Journal
of Vegetation Science. 2: 391-402.
Quine, C.P. 1988. Damage to trees and woodlands in the storm of
15-16 October 1987. Weather. 43: 114-118.
Quine, C.P. 1995. Assessing the risk of wind damage to forests:
practice and pitfalls. Pg. 379-403 in M.P. Coutts and J.
Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge.
Return to the top of the list.
Raupach, M.R., P.A. Coppin, and B.J. Legg. 1986. Experiments in
scalar dispersion within a plant canopy. I. turbulence
structure. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 35: 21-52. *
Raymer, W.G. 1962. Wind resistance of conifers. N.P.L. Aero
Report. 1008: 1-18. *
Raynor, G.S. 1971. Wind and temperature structure in a coniferous
forest and a contiguous field. Forest Science. 17: 3351-363. *
Redfield, W.C. 1831. Remarks on the prevailing storms of the
Atlantic coast of the North American States. American
Journal of Science. 20: 17-51. *
Redfield, W.C. 1846. On three severe hurricanes of the American
Seas and their relations to the Northers, so called, of the
Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Honduras with charts
illustrating the same. The American Journal of Science and
Arts 1(2): 153-169. *
Reed, R.A. 1964. Tree windbreaks for the central great plains.
Agriculture Handbook 250. USDA. Washington, D.C. *
Reid, J.S. 1948. Regeneration in indigenous forest after
blowdown. New Zealand Journal of Forestry. 5(5): 436-437. *
Reilly, A.E. 1991. The effects of Hurricane Hugo in three
tropical forests in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Biotropica.
23(4): 414-419.
Reiners, N.M., and W.A. Reiners. 1965. Natural harvesting of
trees. W.L. Hutcheson Memorial Forest Bulletin. 2: 7-17.
Richards, P.W. 1955. The secondary succession in the tropical
rain forest. Science Progress. 43(169): 45-57.*
Richter, J. 1975. [Gale damage to spruce in Sauerland.] Forst-
und Holzwirt. 30(6):106-108. *
Rivals, P. 1950. Effets des cyclones sur les arbres a la Reunion.
Travaux du Laboratoire de Toulouse. 1(1): 1-8. *
Robertson, A. 1987. The use of trees to study wind. Arboricult.
J. 11: 127-143.
Rodgers, M., A.Casey, C. McMenamin, and E. Hendrick. 1995. An
experimental investigation of the effects od dynamic loading
on coniferous trees planted on wet mineral soils. Pg. 204-
219 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Rollerson, T.P. 1979. Queen Charlotte Woodlands Division
Windthrow Study. MacMillan-Bloedel Limited Woodland
Services. Nanaimo. British Columbia. *
Rollerson, T.P. 1982. Relationships between windthrow and various
environmental variables. In Soil Interpretations for
Forestry. Proceedings of the British Columbia Soil Survey
Workshop on Soil Interpretations for Forestry. Ministry of
Forest Land Management Report No. 10. *
Roman, C.T., N.G. Aumen, J.C. Trexlar, R.J. Fennema, W.F. Loftus,
and M. A. Soukup. 1994. Hurricane Andrew's impact on
freshwater resources. BioScience. 44(4): 247-255.
Roth, L.C. 1992. Hurricanes and mangrove regeneration: effects
of Hurricane Joan, October 1988, on the vegetation of Isla
del Venado, Bluefields, Nicaragua. Biotropica. 24: 375-384.
Rottmann, M. 1986. Wind-und stormschaden im wald. Frankfurt am
Main: Sauerlander.*
Rowlands, W. 1941. Damage to even-aged stands in Petersham, MA by
the 1938 hurricane as influenced by stand condition. MS
Thesis. Harvard University. Cambridge. *
Ruel, J. 1993. Blowdown research along electrical distribution
lines in Quebec, Canada. Conference on wind damage to
forest. Edinburgh, Scotland. (unpublished manuscript)
Runkle, J.R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth
mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology. 63(5):
1533-1546.
Rushton, B.S., and A.E. Toner. 1989. Wind damage to the leaves of
sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in coastal and non-coastal
stands. Forestry. 62: 67-88. *
Ruth, R.H., and R.A. Yoder. 1953. Reducing wind damage in the
forests of the Oregon Coast Range. Research paper No. 7.
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. USDA
Forest Service.
Return to the top of the list.
Sanford, R.L., Jr., W.J. Parton, D.S. Ojima, and D.J. Lodge. 1991
Hurricane effects on soil organic matter dynamics and forest
production in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico:
results of simulation Modeling. Biotropica. 23: 364-372.
Sauer, J.D. 1962. Effects of recent tropical cyclones on the
coastal vegetation of Mauritius. Journal of Ecology. 50:
275-290.
Savill, P.S. 1976. The effects of drainage and ploughing of
surface water gleys on rooting and windthrow of sitka spruce
in Northern Ireland. Forestry. 49: 134-141.*
Savill, P.S. 1983. Silviculture in windy climates. Forestry
Abstracts. 44: 473-488.
Sayer, M.J. 1988. Gale damage in France on 15-16 October 1987.
Quarterly Journal of Forestry. 82(2): 127-128.
Scatena, F.N., W. Silver, T. Siccama, A. Johnson, M.J. Sanchez.
1993. Biomass and nutrient content of the Bisley
Experimental Watersheds, Luquillo Experimental Forest,
Puerto Rico, before and after Hurricane Hugo, 1989.
Biotropica. 25: 15-27.
Scatena, F.N., and A.E. Lugo. 1995. Geomorphology, disturbance,
and the soil and vegetation in two subtropical wet steepland
watersheds of Puerto Rico. Geomorphology.
Schaetzl, R.J., S.F. Burns, D.L. Johnson, and T.W. Small. 1989.
Tree uprooting: review of impacts on forest ecology.
Vegetatio. 79: 165-176.
Schaetzl, R.J., D.L. Johnson, S.F. Burns, and T.W. Small. 1989.
Tree uprooting: review of terminology, process, and
environmental implications. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research. 19: 1-11
Schmid, J.M. 1981. Spruce beetle in blowdown. USDA Forest Service
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Research
Note RM-411. *
Seginer, I. P.J. Mulhearn, E.F. Bradley, and J.J. Finnigan. 1976.
Turbulent flow in a model plant canopy. Boundary-Layer
Meteorology. 10: 423-453. *
Seischab, F.K., and D. Orwig. 1991. Catastrophic disturbances in
the presettlement forests of western New York. Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club. 118(2): 117-122.
Semeniuk, V. 1986. Calcrete breccia floatstone in Holocene sand
developed by storm-uprooted trees. Sedimentary Geology. 48:
183-192. *
Shaw, R.H., R.H. Silversides, and G.W. Thurtell. 1974. Some
observations of turbulence and turbulent transport within
and above plant canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 5:
429-449. *
Shaw, W.B. 1983. Tropical cyclones: determinants of pattern and
structure in New Zealand's indigenous forests. Pacific
Science. 37: 405-414.
Sheffield, R.M., and M.T. Thompson. 1992. Hurricane Hugo effects
on South Carolina's forest resource. Research Paper SE-284.
Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. USDA Forest Service.
Shine, K.P. 1988. The storm of 15-16 October 1987. Weather.
43(3): 66-147.
Silver. W.L. 1992. The effects of small-scale and catastrophic
disturbances on carbon and nutrient cycling in a lower
montane subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico. PhD. Thesis.
Yale University. Princeton.
Simpson, A.W. 1965. State forest working plans in Northern
Ireland. Forestry. 38: 41-58.
Simpson, C.T. 1932. Florida wild life. Macmillan Co. New York. *
Simpson, R.H., and H. Riehl. 1981. The hurricane and its impact.
Louisiana State University Press. Baton Rouge.
Slodicak, M. 1995. Thinning regime in stands of Norway spruce
subjected to snow and wind damage. Pg. 436-447 in M.P.
Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Smith, D.M. 1946. Storm damage in New England forests. MS Thesis.
Yale University. New Haven.
Smith, K., and R.H. Weitknecht. 1915. Windfall damage in
selection cuttings in Oregon. Proceedings. Society of
American Foresters. 10: 263-265.
Smith, T.J., M.B. Robblee, H.R. Wanless, and T.W. Doyle.
Mangroves, hurricanes, and lightening strikes. BioScience
44(4): 256-262.
Society of American Foresters. 1941. A silvicultural policy for
the hurricane area. Report of the Committee on Silviculture,
New England Section. Journal of Forestry. 39: 376-378.*
Somerville, A. 1980. Wind stability: forest layout and
silviculture. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 10:
476-501. *
Somerville, A. 1995. Wind damage to New Zealand State plantation
forests. Pg. 460-467 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind
and Trees. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
South Carolina Forestry Commission. 1989. Hurricane Hugo fact
sheet. September 26, 1989. *
Sprugel, D.G. 1976. Dynamic structure of wave-regenerated Abies
balsamea forests in the northeastern United States. Journal
of Ecology. 64: 889-911.
Spurr, S.H. 1956. Natural restocking of forests following the
1938 hurricane in central New England. Ecology. 37: 443-451.
Stacey, G.R., R.E. Belcher, C.J. Wood, and B.A. Gardiner. 1994.
Wind and wind forces in a model spruce forest. Boundary-
Layer Meteorology. 69: 311-334. *
Stathers, R.J., T.P. Rollerson, and S.J. Mitchell. 1993.
Windthrow handbook for British Columbia forests. British
Columbia Forest Service.*
Stearns, F.W. 1949. Ninety years change in a northern hardwood
forest in Wisconsin. Ecology. 30: 350-358.
Steel, M.G. 1989. Mountain beech forest on Mount Ruapehu:
dynamics, disturbance and dieback. PhD Thesis. University of
Auckland. *
Steinbrenner, E.C., and S.P. Gessel. 1956. Windthrow along
cutlines in relation to physiography on the McDonald Tree
Farm. Weyerhauser Timber Company Forestry Research Notes 15.
Steven, H.M. 1953a. Wind and the forest. Weather. 8: 169-174. *
Steven, H.M. 1953b. Storm damage to woodlands in Scotland.
Nature. 171(435): 454-456.
Stocker, G.C. 1976. Report on cyclone damage to natural
vegetation in the Darwin area after cyclone Tracey, 25
December 1974. Leaflet Forestry and Timber Bureau Canberra.
No. 127. *
Stoddart, D.R. 1963. Effects of Hurricane Hattie on the British
Honduras reef and cays October 30-31, 1961. Atoll Res. Bull.
95. *
Stoddart, D.R. 1969. Post-hurricane changes on the British
Honduras reefs and cays: resurvey of 1965. Atoll Research
Bulletin. 131:1-242.*
Stoeckeler, J.H., and C. Arbogast, Jr. 1955. Forest management
lessons from a 1949 windstorm in northern Wisconsin and
upper Michigan. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest
Service Lake States Forest Experiment Station. Station Paper
No. 34.
Stokes, A., A. H. Fitter, and M.P. Coutts. 1995. Responses of
young trees to wind: effects on root growth. Pg. 264-275 in
M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Stone, E.L. 1977. Abrasion of tree roots by rock during wind
stress. Forest Science. 23(3): 333-336. *
Stoneburner, D.L. 1978. Evidence of Hurricane influence on
barrier island slash pine forests in the northern Gulf of
Mexico. The American Midland Naturalist. 99(1): 234-237.
Strehlke, B. 1974. Clearing of 25 million m³ windblow near
completion in Germany. World Wood. 15(11): 16-19. *
Studholme, W.P. 1995. The experience of an management strategy
adopted by the Selwyn Plantation Board, New Zealand. Pg.
468-477 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Stumbler, R.E. 1968. How wind influences silviculture and
management, as a District Officer sees it. Forestry
(supplement): 45-50.
Sugden, A.M. 1992. Hurricanes in tropical forests. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution. 7(5): 146-147.
Return to the top of the list.
Tamate, S., T. Kashiyama, T. Sasanuma, K. Takahashi, and H.
Matsuoka. 1977. [On the distribution maps of forest wind
damage by Typhoon N. 15, 1954 in Hokkaido.] Bulletin of the
Government Forest Experiment Station Meguro. No. 289:43-67.*
Tannehill, I.R. 1938. Hurricane of September 16 to 22 1938.
Monthly Weather Review. 66: 286-288.
Tannehill, I.R. 1944. Hurricanes: their nature and history.
Princeton. *
Tanner, E.V.J., V. Kapos, J.R. Healey. 1991. Hurricane effects on
forest ecosystems in the Caribbean. Biotropica. 23(4): 513-
521.
Takahashi, K. 1994. Effect of size structure, forest floor type
and disturbance regime on tree species composition in a
coniferous forest in Japan. Journal of Ecology. 82: 769-773.
Taylor, A.H. 1990. Disturbance and persistence of Sitka spruce in
coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest. Journal of
Biogeography. 17: 47-58. *
Taylor, J.W. 1978. Downburst: July 4, 1977. Wisconsin Natural
Resources. 2(4): 23-25.*
Telewski, F.W. 1995. Wind-induced physiological and developmental
responses in trees. Pg. 237-263 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace
(eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge.
Templeman, R.F., H.R. Oliver, M.R. Stroud, M.E. Walker, T. Altay,
and S.L. Pike. 1988. Some wind speed and temperature
observations during the storm of 15-16 October 1987.
Weather. 43(3): 118-122.
Thompson, A.P. 1976. 500-year evidence of gales. Research would
identify risk areas. For. Industries Review. July: 11-16. *
Thompson, D.A. 1983. Effects of Hurricane Allen on some Jamaican
Forests. Commonwealth Forestry Review. 62(2): 107-115.
Thomson, A.P. 1936. The recovery of an indigenous forest after
windthrow. Te Kara Ngahere. 9(1): 32-33. *
Tomblin, J. 1981. Earthquakes, volcanoes and hurricanes: a review
of natural hazards and vulnerability in the West Indies.
Ambio. 10(6): 340-345.
Tompkins, I.R. 1934. Hurricanes and subspecific variation. Wilson
Bulletin. 46: 238-240.
Touliatos, P, and E. Roth. 1971. Hurricanes and trees ten lessons
from Camille. Journal of Forestry. 69: 285-289
Trousdell, K.B. 1955. Hurricane damage to loblolly pine of
Bigwoods Experimental Forest. Southern Lumberman. 191(2383):
35-37.
Trousdell, K.B., W.C. Williams, and T.C. Nelson. 1965. Damage to
recently thinned loblolly pine stands by Hurricane Donna.
Journal of Forestry. 63: 96-100.
Turton, S.M. 1992. Understory light environments in a north- east
Australian rain forest before and after a tropical cyclone.
Journal of Ecology. 8:241-252.
Return to the top of the list.
Uhl, C., K. Clark, N. Dezzeo, and P. Maquirino. 1988. Vegetation
dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps. Ecology. 69: 751-763.
Ulafula, A. 1990. Ofa was one of the worst in 169 years. Pacific
Islands Monthly. 60: 12-13 *
USDA Soil Conservation Service. 1960. Effects of saline water
from Hurricane Audrey on soils and vegetation. Alexandria,
Louisiana. Special Report. *
United States Forest Service. 1939. Losses in the 1938 Hurricane.
Annual Report for 1938. USDA Forest Service. Northeastern
Forest Experiment Station. pp 15-16. *
Unwin, G.L., G.B. Applegate, G.C. Stocker, and D.I. Nicholson.
1988. Initial effects of tropical cyclone "Winifred" on
forests of north Queensland. Proceedings of the Ecological
Society of Australia. 15: 283-296. *
Return to the top of the list.
Valinger, E., and L. Lundqvist. 1992. The influence of thinning
and nitrogen fertilisation on the frequency of snow and
wind-induced damage in forests. Scottish Forestry. 46:
311-320. *
Vandermeer, J, N. Zamora, K. Yih, and D. Boucher. (in press).
Regeneracion inicial en una selva tropical en la costa
caribena de Nicaragua despues del huracan. Revista de
Biologia Tropical. *
Van Hooser, D.D., and A. Hedlund. 1969. Timber damaged by
hurricane Camille in Mississippi. USDA Forest Service
Research Note SO-96. Southern Forest Experiment Station. New
Orleans.
Vaughan, R.E., and P.O. Wiehe. 1937. Studies on the vegetation of
Mauritius. Preliminary Survey of the Plant Communities.
Journal of Ecology. 25(2): 289-343.
Veblen, T.T. 1986. Treefalls and the coexistence of conifers in
subalpine forests of the central Rockies. Ecology. 67(3):
644-649.
Veblen, T.T., K.S. Hadley, M.S. Reid, and A.J. Rebertus. 1989.
Blowdown and stand development in a Colorado subalpine
forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19:1218-1225.
Vermeer, D.E. 1963. Effects of Hurricane Hattie, 1961, on the
cays of British Honduras. Z. Geomorphol. 7(4): 332-354. *
Versfeld, D.B. 1980. An Assessment of windfall damage to Pinus
radiata in the Bosboukloof Experimental Catchment. South
African Forestry Journal. 112: 15-19.
Vignes, E. 1969. La Tornade de 10 Juillet dans le nord-est de
France. Revue Forestiere Francaise. 21: 107-112. *
Vogel, S. 1993. When leaves save the tree. Natural History.
102(9): 58-62.
von Eimem, J. Windbreaks and shelterbelts. Tech. Notes Wild. Met.
Org. 59. *
Return to the top of the list.
Wade, J.E., and E.W. Hewson. 1979. Trees as a local climate
indicator. J. Applied Meteor. 19: 1182-1187. *
Wadsworth, F.H., and G.H. Englerth. 1959. Effects of the 1956
hurricane on forests in Puerto Rico. Caribbean Forester. 20:
38-51.
Wagner, C. 1914. Die Grundlagen der raumlichen Ordnung im Walde.
Waister, P.D. 1972. Wind damage in horticultural crops. Hort.
Abstr. 42: 609-615. *
Walker, L.R., 1991. Tree damage and recovery from Hurricane Hugo
in Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica.
23(4): 379-385.
Walker, L.R., and L.E. Neris. 1993. Posthurricane seed rain
dynamics in Puerto Rico. Biotropica. 25(4): 408-418.
Walker, L.R., J. Voltzow, J.D. Ackerman, D.S. Fernandez, and N.
Fetcher. 1992. Immediate impact of Hurricane Hugo on a
Puerto Rican rain forest. Ecology. 73(2) 691-694.
Walshe, D.E., and A.I. Fraser. 1963. Wind tunnel tests on a model
forest. Report, National Physical Laboratory Aerodynamics
Division, UK. No. 1078: 1-20. *
Wardle, J. 1970. The ecology of Nothofagus solandri. IV. Growth
and general discussion of parts I to IV. New Zealand Journal
of Botany. 4: 609-646. *
Watson, A.J. 1995. Measurement os wind-induced tree-root stresses
in New Zealand. Pg. 220-226 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace
(eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge.
Weaver, P.L. 1986. Hurricane damage and recovery in the montane
forests of the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean
Journal of Science. 22(1-2): 53-70.
Weaver, P.L. 1987. Structure and dynamics in the colorado forest
of the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Ph.D. thesis.
Michigan State University. Lansing.
Weaver, P.L. 1989. Forest changes after hurricanes in Puerto
Rico's Luquillo Mountains. Interciencia. 14(4) 181-192.
Webb, L.J. 1958. Cyclones as an ecological factor in tropical
lowland rain forest, North Queensland. Australian Journal of
Botany. 6: 220-230.
Webb, S.L. 1986. Windstorms and the dynamics of two northern
forests. Phd Dissertation. University of Minnesota.
Minneapolis.
Webb, S.L. 1988. Windstorm damage and microsite colonization in
two Minnesota forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
18: 1186-1195.
Webb, S.L. 1989. Contrasting windstorm consequences in two
forest, Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Ecology. 70(4): 1167-
1180.
Webster, J.D. 1963. Tornado-disturbed beech-maple forest. Audubon
Field Notes. 17: 496-497.
Webster, J.D. 1964. Tornado-disturbed beech-maple forest. Audubon
Field Notes. 18: 548-549.
Weidman, R.H. 1920a. A study of windfall loss of western yellow
pine in selection cuttings fifteen to thirty years old.
Journal of Forestry. 18: 616-622.
Weidman, R.H. 1920b. The windfall problem in the Klamath Region,
Oregon. Journal of Forestry. 18: 837-843.
Wells, E.L. 1921. Storm of November 19-22 in Oregon, Washington,
and Idaho, and the stormy period following. Monthly Weather
Review. 49: 661-664.
Werner, F., and J. Armann. 1955. [A study of the dynamics of
windthrow.] Svenska Skogsvardsföreningens Tidskrift. 53(3):
311-330. *
Whigham, D.F., I. Olmsted, E.C. Cano, and M.E. Harmon. 1991. The
impact of Hurricane Gilbert on trees, litterfall, and woody
debris in a dry tropical forest in the northeastern Yucatan
Peninsula. Biotropica. 23(4):434-441.
Whitehead, F.H. 1968. Physiological effects of wind exposure in
plants. Forestry (supplement): 38-44.
Whitmore, T.C. 1989. Changes over twenty-one years in the
Kolombangara rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 77: 469-483.
Whitmore, T.C. 1974. Change with time and the role of cyclones in
tropical rain forest on Kolombangara, Solomon Islands.
Commonwealth Forestry Institute. Institute Paper No. 46.
Whitney, G.G. 1986. Relation of Michigan's pre-settlement forests
to substrate and disturbance history. Ecology. 67: 1548-
1559.
Wiggin, J. 1988. Storm damage of 16 October 1987. Report of the
Agriculture Committee. House of Commons. HMSO, London. *
Wigley, T.M.L. 1985. The impact of extreme events. Nature.316:
106-107. *
Wiley, J.W., and J.M. Wunedurle, Jr. 1994. The effects of
hurricanes on birds, with special reference to Caribbean
islands. Bird Conservation International. 3(4): 319-349
Wiley, K.N. 1965. Effects of the October 12, 1962 windstorm on
permanent growth plots in southwest Washington. Weyerhauser,
Weyerhauser Forestry Paper No. 7.
Wilkinson, R.C., R.W. Britt, E.A. Spence, and S.M. Seiber. 1978.
Hurricane-tornado damage, mortality, and insect infestations
of slash pine. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(4):
132-134.
Wilson, B.F., and R.R. Archer. 1979. Tree design: some biological
solutions to mechanical problems. BioScience. 29: 293-298.
Wilson, H.H. 1976. The effect of the gale of August 1975 on the
forests of Canterbury. New Zealand Journal of Forestry. 21:
133-140. *
Winter, T.G. 1988a. Insects and storm-damaged broadleaved trees.
Research Information Note 133. Forestry Commission,
Edinburgh. *
Winter, T.G. 1988b. Insects and storm-damaged conifers. Research
Information Note 134. Forestry Commision, Edinburgh. *
Woelfle, M. 1935. Wald und Windschutz. Forstwissenschaftl.
Centralbl. 57: 349-362.*
Woelfle, M. 1936. Strmschaden im Wald. Forstwissenschaftl.
Centralbl. 58: 325-338, 429-448. *
Woelfle, M. 1937. Strmschaden im Wald. Forstwissenschaftl.
Centralbl. 59: 77-92, 565-588.*
Woelfle, M. 1950. Waldbau und Forstmeteorologie.*
Wolffsohn, A. 1967. Post-hurricane forest fires in British
Honduras. Commonwealth Forestry Review. 46(1) 233-238.
Wollenweber, G.C., and F.G. Wollenweber. 1995. Forest wind damage
risk assessment for environmental impact studies. Pg. 404-
423 in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Wood, C.J. 1995. Understanding wind forces on trees. Pg. 133-164
in M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.
Wood, T.W.W. 1970. Wind damage in the forest of Western Samoa.
The Malayan Forester. 33: 92-99.
Wooldridge, G., R. Musselman, and W. Massman. 1995. Windthrow and
airflow in subalpine forest. Pg 358-378 in M.P. Coutts and
J. Grace (eds.) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge.
Wrangler, F. 1976. [The susceptibility of Norway spruce to
windthrow as affected by site, stand type and stand height.]
Forst und Holz. 31: 220-222. *
Wright, L.D., F. J. Swaye, and J.M. Coleman. 1970. The effects of
Hurricane Camille on the landscape of the Breton-Chandeleur
Island Chain and the eastern portion of the lower
Mississippi Delta. Coastal Studies Institute Louisiana State
University Technical Report Number 76.*
Wunderle, J.M., Jr., D.J. Lodge, and R.B. Waide. 1992. Short-
term effects of Hurricane Gilbert on terrestrial bird
populations on Jamaica. The Auk. 109(1): 148-168.
Wyatt-Smith, J. 1954. Storm forest in Kelantan. The Malayan
Forester. 17: 5-11.
Wyman, D. 1954a. Hurricane "Carol" in the Arnold Arboretum.
Arnoldia. 14(8): 37-40.
Wyman, D. 1954b. Rehabilitation of trees injured by hurricanes of
1954 Arnoldia 14(9-10): 41-55.
Return to the top of the list.
Yih, K., D.H. Boucher, J.H. Vandermeer, and N. Zamora. 1989.
Efectos ecologicos del huracan Joan en el bosque tropical
humedo del sureste de Nicaragua a los cuatro meses:
posibilielades de regeneracion del bosque y recomendaciones.
Nicarguan Center for Research and Documentation of the
Atlantic Coast. CIDCA. *
Yih, K., D.H. Boucher, J.H. Vandermeer, and N. Zamora. 1991.
Recovery of the rain forest of southeastern Nicaragua after
destruction by Hurricane Joan. Biotropica. 23(2): 106-113.
You, C., and W.H. Petty. 1991. Effects of Hurricane Hugo on
Manilkara bidentata, a primary tree species in the Luquillo
Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico. Biotropica. 23:400-406.
Return to the top of the list.
Zimmerman, J.K., E.M. Everham III, R.B. Waide, D.J. Lodge, C.M.
Taylor, and N.V.L. Brokaw. 1994. Responses of tree species
to hurricane winds in subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico:
implications for tropical tree life histories. Journal of
Ecology. Journal of Ecology. 82: 911-922.
Return to the top of the list.