APPENDIX F
III. Species resistance to catastrophic wind
1 - high levels of wind damage, 2 - intermediate levels of wind
damage, 3 - low levels of wind damage. Letters that follow the wind resistance score indicate the studies cited at the end of the table. See text for explanation of resistance scoring and intensity categories. Region designated based on study site. Nomenclature follows Abeywickrama (1973), Allan (1961), Elias (1980), Hooker (1973), Little et al. (1974), Long and Lakela (1971), Seymour (1980).
| Taxonomy | Region | Resistance to storms of lower intensity | Resistance to storms of higher intensity |
|---|
| ============ | ============ | ============ | ============ |
|---|
| ACERACEAE |
|---|
| Acer rubrum | temperate | 1gg 3nn | 1n 2cc 1ii |
|---|
| temperate | | 1b 2r 1f |
|---|
| temperate | | 2bb 1ff 1u |
|---|
| Acer saccharum | temperate | 3nn 3gg | 3f |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| AGAVACEAE |
|---|
| Beaucarnea pliabilis | tropical | | 3oo |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| ALANGIACEAE |
|---|
| Alangium salviifolium | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| ANACARDIACEAE |
|---|
| Campnosperma brevipetiolata | tropical | | 1pp |
|---|
| Lannea coromandelica | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| ANNONACEAE |
|---|
| Polyalthia spp. | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| AQUIFOLIACEAE |
|---|
| Ilex opaca | temperate | | 2p |
|---|
| Ilex vomitoria | temperate | | 2p 3p |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| ARALIACEAE |
|---|
| Dendropanax arboreus | tropical | | 1ss |
|---|
| Schefflera morototoni | tropical | | 2uu 1ll |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| ARECACEAE |
|---|
| palms | tropical | | 3b 3ss 3o |
|---|
| palms | temperate | | 3ii 3u |
|---|
| Coccothrinax argentata | temperate | | 3x |
|---|
| Cocos nucifera | tropical | | 3dd |
|---|
| | temperate | | 1h |
|---|
| Licuala ramsay | tropical | | 3b |
|---|
| Paurotis wrightii | temperate | | 1h |
|---|
| Prestoea montana | tropical | | 3ee 3uu 2mm |
|---|
| | tropical | | 3k 1d 3ll |
|---|
| Roystonea elata | temperate | | 3x |
|---|
| Roystonea regia | temperate | | 3h |
|---|
| Sabal palmetto | temperate | | 3h |
|---|
| Thrinax parviflora | temperate | | 3h |
|---|
| Thrinax radiata | temperate | | 3x |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| BETULACEAE |
|---|
| Betula spp. | temperate | 1a |
|---|
| Betula alleghaniensis | temperate | 3gg |
|---|
| Betula populifolia | temperate | | 1c |
|---|
| Betula papyrifera | temperate | 1nn 3nn | 1n 1cc |
|---|
| Betula nigra | temperate | | 3p |
|---|
| Carpinus caroliniana | temperate | 3nn | 2p 1r |
|---|
| Ostrya virginiana | temperate | 3nn |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| BIGNONIACEAE |
|---|
| Stereospermum personatum | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| Tabebuia heterophylla | tropical | 3kk | 3uu 2ll |
|---|
| Tabebuia pallida | tropical | | 2v |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| BOMBACACEAE |
|---|
| Montezuma speciosissima | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| Ochroma pyramidale | tropical | 1kk | 3o |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| BORAGINACEAE |
|---|
| Cordia spp. | tropical | | 1m 2m |
|---|
| Cordia alliodora | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| Cordia sulcata | tropical | | 3uu
|
|---|
| Cordia borinquensis | tropical | | 3ll |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| BURSERACEAE |
|---|
| Bursera simaruba | tropical | 3kk 2kk | 3oo 2x |
|---|
| Dacryodes excelsa | tropical | | 3ee 3y 3uu
|
|---|
| tropical | | 2k 2mm 3d
|
|---|
| tropical | | 3ll |
|---|
| Tetragastris balsamifera | tropical | | 3uu |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| CASUARINACEAE |
|---|
| Casuarina spp. | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Casuarina equisetifolia | tropical | | 2v 1dd 1o |
|---|
| Casuarina glauca | temperate | | 1x |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| CELASTRACEAE |
|---|
| Elaeodendron glaucum | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| CHRYSOBALANACEAE |
|---|
| Hirtella rugosa | tropical | | 3ll |
|---|
| Maranthes corymbosa | tropical | | 2pp |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| COMBRETACEAE |
|---|
| Buchenavia capitata | tropical | | 3uu 3ll |
|---|
| Laguncularia racemosa | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Terminalia arjuna | tropical | | 1v |
|---|
| Terminalia calamansanai | tropical | | 3pp |
|---|
| Terminalia catappa | tropical | 1rr | 3dd |
|---|
| Terminalia richii | tropical | 1rr |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| CORNACEAE |
|---|
| Cornus florida | temperate | | 1ii 2p 2u |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| CUNONIACEAE |
|---|
| Schizomeria serrata | tropical | | 3pp |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| CUPRESSACEAE |
|---|
| Cupressus lusitanica | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Thuja occidentalis | temperate | 2gg |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| CYRILLACEAE |
|---|
| Cyrilla racemiflora | temperate | | 3p |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| DILLENIACEAE |
|---|
| Dillenia salmonensis | tropical | | 2pp |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| DIPTEROCARPACEAE |
|---|
| Dipterocarpus lowii | tropical | | 3g |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| EBENACEAE |
|---|
| Diospyros ovalifolia | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| Diospyros montana | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Maba buxifolia | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| ELAEOCARPACEAE |
|---|
| Elaeocarpus sphaericus | tropical | | 2pp |
|---|
| Sloanea berteriana | tropical | | 3uu 1mm 2k
|
|---|
| tropical | | 2d 2ll |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| EUPHORBIACEAE |
|---|
| Alchorneopsis portoricensis | tropical | | 1d 1ll |
|---|
| Alchornea latifolia | tropical | | 3uu 1ll |
|---|
| Amanoa caribaea | tropical | | 2y |
|---|
| Bridelia retusa | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Croton poecilanthus | tropical | | 2uu 3ll |
|---|
| Drypetes glauca | tropical | | 3uu 3ll |
|---|
| Drypetes sepiaria | tropical | | 3m 2m |
|---|
| Drypetes lateriflora | tropical | | 2oo |
|---|
| Endospermum medullosum | tropical | | 3pp |
|---|
| Gymnanthes lucida | tropical | | 3oo |
|---|
| Hyeronima clusioides | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Richeria grandis | tropical | | 1y |
|---|
| Sapium laurocerasus | tropical | | 2uu 2ll |
|---|
| Securinega samoana | tropical | 2rr |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| FAGACEAE |
|---|
| Fagus grandifolia | temperate | | 1aa 3f |
|---|
| Fagus sylvatica | temperate | 2a 1i |
|---|
| Quercus spp. | temperate | 3a 2i | 3f |
|---|
| Quercus alba | temperate | | 3n 3cc 3ff |
|---|
| temperate | | 3r 2ff |
|---|
| Quercus borealis | temperate | | 2n |
|---|
| Quercus falcata | temperate | | 1p 2r 2bb |
|---|
| temperate | | 1ff |
|---|
| Quercus laurifolia | temperate | | 3r |
|---|
| Quercus nigra | temperate | | 1p 2p 2u |
|---|
| Quercus rubra | temperate | 1gg 3nn | 2cc |
|---|
| Quercus velutina | temperate | | 3n 3cc |
|---|
| Quercus virginiana | temperate | | 3h 3ii 2q
|
|---|
| temperate | | 1x |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| FLACOURTIACEAE |
|---|
| Casearia arborea | tropical | | 2uu 1d 2ll |
|---|
| Casearia sylvestris | tropical | | 3uu |
|---|
| Homalium racemosum | tropical | | 3uu |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| GUTTIFERAE |
|---|
| Calophyllum brasiliense | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| Calophyllum kajewskii | tropical | | 1pp |
|---|
| Calophyllum vitiense | tropical | | 3pp |
|---|
| Clusia rosea | tropical | | 1o |
|---|
| Garcinia spicata | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Symphonia globulifera | tropical | | 2y |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| HAMAMELIDACEAE |
|---|
| Liquidambar styraciflua | temperate | | 3ff 2p 3p 3u |
|---|
| temperate | | 3ii 2bb 2ff |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| JUGLANDACEAE |
|---|
| Carya spp. | temperate | | 3n 3cc 3r |
|---|
| Carya illinoinensis | temperate | | 1ii |
|---|
| Carya aquatica | temperate | | 2bb |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| LAURACEAE |
|---|
| Alseodaphine semicarpifolia | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| Cinnamomum camphora | tropical | | 3v |
|---|
| Nectandra coriacea | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Ocotea leucoxylon | tropical | | 3uu 1d |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| LEGUMINOSAE |
|---|
| Albizia falcata | tropical | 1rr |
|---|
| Albizia lebbek | tropical | | 1v |
|---|
| Andira inermis | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| Bauhinia racemosa | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| Cassia fistula | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Cassia roxburghii | tropical | | 3m 2m |
|---|
| Cassia siamea | tropical | 3rr |
|---|
| Dipteryx panamensis | tropical | | 3e |
|---|
| Erythrina poeppigiana | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Hymenaea courbaril | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Inga laurina | tropical | | 2uu 1k 2d |
|---|
| tropical | | 2ll |
|---|
| Inga vera | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Intsia bijuga | tropical | 2rr |
|---|
| Leucaena pulverulenta | temperate | | 2u |
|---|
| Lysiloma bahamensis | tropical | | 3h |
|---|
| Lysiloma latisiliqua | temperate | | 2x |
|---|
| Ormosia krugii | tropical | | 2uu 1ll |
|---|
| Pterocarpus marsupium | tropical | | 1v |
|---|
| Robinia pseudoacacia | temperate | | 1f |
|---|
| Sabinea florida | tropical | 2kk |
|---|
| Tamarindus indica | tropical | | 1v 2m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| LOGANIACEAE |
|---|
| Strychnos potatorum | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| MAGNOLIACEAE |
|---|
| Liriodendron tulipifera | temperate | | 1r 1ff |
|---|
| Magnolia glauca | temperate | | 2p 2r |
|---|
| Magnolia grandifolia | temperate | | 2u |
|---|
| Magnolia virginiana | temperate | | 2u |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| MALIPIGHIACEAE |
|---|
| Byrsonima crispa | tropical | | 1ss |
|---|
| Byrsonima spicata | tropical | | 3uu |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| MALVACEAE |
|---|
| Hibiscus elatus | tropical | 1kk | 2hh |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| MELASTOMATACEAE |
|---|
| Calycogonium squamulosum | tropical | | 2ll |
|---|
| Miconia tetrandra | tropical | | 1uu 2ll |
|---|
| Tetrazygia elaeagnoides | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| MELIACEAE |
|---|
| Aglaia roxburghiana | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| Cedrela odorata | tropical | 1rr |
|---|
| Guarea guidonia | tropical | | 3ee 3uu 1k |
|---|
| tropical | | 2d |
|---|
| Guarea kunthiana | tropical | | 3ss |
|---|
| Guarea trichiliodes | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Khaya nyasica | tropical | | 1d |
|---|
| Swietenia macrophylla | tropical | 1kk 3rr | 1d |
|---|
| Swietenia mahagoni | tropical | 3kk 3rr | 1v |
|---|
| Walsura piscidia | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| MORACEAE |
|---|
| Brosimum alicastrum | tropical | | 1oo |
|---|
| Brosimum guianensis | tropical | | 3ss |
|---|
| Cecropia schreberiana | tropical | | 1uu 3o |
|---|
| Ficus amplissima | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| Ficus aurea | tropical | | 3h |
|---|
| Ficus benghalensis | tropical | | 1v 3dd 3m |
|---|
| Ficus microcarpa | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Ficus mollis | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| Ficus racemosa | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Ficus religiosa | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| MYRSINACEAE |
|---|
| Ardisia obovata | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| MYRTACEAE |
|---|
| Eucalyptus delegatensis | tropical | | 2qq |
|---|
| Eucalyptus globulus | tropical | | 2qq |
|---|
| Eucalyptus robusta | tropical | 1kk | 1hh 1v |
|---|
| Eucalyptus saligna | tropical | | 1hh |
|---|
| Eucalyptus umbellata | tropical | | 3dd |
|---|
| Eugenia spp. | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| Myrcianthes fragrans | tropical | | 3oo |
|---|
| Otoba novagranatensis | tropical | | 1tt |
|---|
| Syzygium cumini | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| NYSSACEAE |
|---|
| Nyssa aquatica | temperate | | 3q 3bb |
|---|
| Nyssa sylvatica | temperate | | 3ff 3ii 3p |
|---|
| temperate | | 2ff |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| OLEACEAE |
|---|
| Chionanthus domingensis | tropical | | 1uu |
|---|
| Fraxinus spp. | temperate | 2i |
|---|
| Fraxinus americana | temperate | 3gg | 2n 2cc |
|---|
| Fraxinus excelsior | temperate | 2a |
|---|
| Fraxinus pennsylvanica | temperate | | 3r 3f 1bb |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| PINACEAE |
|---|
| Abies balsamea | temperate | 1gg 2nn |
|---|
| Abies amabilis | temperate | 2a |
|---|
| Larix spp. | temperate | | 3qq |
|---|
| Larix decidua | temperate | 3a 1l |
|---|
| Larix leptolepis | temperate | 1i 1l |
|---|
| Picea abies | temperate | 2a 3i 1i
|
|---|
| temperate | 1l |
|---|
| Picea sitchensis | temperate | 3gg 1i 1l |
|---|
| Pinus banksiana | temperate | 1gg |
|---|
| Pinus caribea | tropical | 2w | 1v 1hh 1u |
|---|
| Pinus echinata | temperate | | 1p 3ff |
|---|
| Pinus elliotti | temperate | 3a | 1z 2ff |
|---|
| Picea glauca | temperate | 2gg 1nn |
|---|
| Pinus lambertiana | temperate | | 2qq |
|---|
| Pinus muricata | temperate | | 2qq |
|---|
| Pinus nigra | temperate | 1l | 1qq |
|---|
| Pinus oocarpa | tropical | 1w |
|---|
| Pinus palustris | temperate | | 1p 2ff 2qq |
|---|
| Pinus patula | tropical | | 1hh |
|---|
| Pinus ponderosa | temperate | 1s | 1qq |
|---|
| Pinus radiata | temperate | 1t 1jj | 1qq |
|---|
| Pinus resinosa | temperate | 2gg 3nn | 2j 1f |
|---|
| Pinus serotina | temperate | | 2ff |
|---|
| Pinus sinensis | tropical | | 3v |
|---|
| Pinus strobus | temperate | 2gg 3nn 2nn | 3j 1n 1cc
|
|---|
| temperate | | 2qq 1f |
|---|
| Pinus sylvestris | temperate | 2a | 1j |
|---|
| Pinus taeda | temperate | | 1ii 1p 1r |
|---|
| temperate | | 1bb 2ff |
|---|
| tropical | | 2v |
|---|
| Pinus virginiana | temperate | 1s |
|---|
| Pseudotsuga menziesii | temperate | 1a 3t 3gg | 3qq |
|---|
| Pseudotsuga taxifolia | temperate | 1i 1l |
|---|
| Tsuga canadensis | temperate | | 3n 1aa |
|---|
| Tsuga heterophylla | temperate | 3gg 1gg |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| PLATANACEAE |
|---|
| Platanus occidentalis | temperate | 3a 2i | 3f 1bb 2u |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| POLYGONACEAE |
|---|
| Coccoloba diversifolia | tropical | 3kk | 3oo |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| RHAMNACEAE |
|---|
| Colubrina arborescens | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| RHIZOPHORACEAE |
|---|
| Rhizophora mangle | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| RUBIACEAE |
|---|
| Adina cordifolia | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| Guettarda valenzuelana | tropical | | 3uu |
|---|
| Ixora arborea | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Laugeria racemosa | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| Mitragyna parvifolia | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| RUTACEAE |
|---|
| Chloroxylon swietenia | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| SALICACEAE |
|---|
| Populus spp. | temperate | | 1f |
|---|
| Populus heterophylla | temperate | | 1bb |
|---|
| Populus deltoides | temperate | | 1cc 1ii |
|---|
| Populus tremuloides | temperate | 2nn 1nn |
|---|
| Populus grandidentata | temperate | 2nn 3nn |
|---|
| Salix spp. | temperate | | 1f |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| SAPINDACEAE |
|---|
| Glenniea unijuga | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Lepisanthes tetraphylla | tropical | | 3m 2m |
|---|
| Matayba domingensis | tropical | | 3uu 3ll |
|---|
| Pometia pinnata | tropical | 1rr | 1pp |
|---|
| Sapindus emarginatus | tropical | | 3m |
|---|
| Sapindus saponaria | tropical | | 3oo |
|---|
| Schleichera oleosa | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| Talisia olivaeformis | tropical | | 3oo |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| SAPOTACEAE |
|---|
| Bumelia salicifolia | temperate | | 2x |
|---|
| Dipholis salicifolia | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| Manilkara bidentata | tropical | 3kk | 3uu 2mm 1d
|
|---|
| tropical | | 2ll 3tt |
|---|
| Manilkara hexandra | tropical | | 3m 2m |
|---|
| Manilkara zapota | tropical | | 2oo |
|---|
| Micropholis chrysophylloides | tropical | | 3ll |
|---|
| Pouteria multiflora | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Sideroxylon foetidissimum | tropical | | 3h |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| STERCULIACEAE |
|---|
| Sterculia caribaea | tropical | | 2y |
|---|
| Sterculia foetida | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| SYMPLOCACEAE |
|---|
| Symplocos tinctoria | temperate | | 1p |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| TAXODIACEAE |
|---|
| Taxodium spp. | temperate | | 1z 3h |
|---|
| Taxodium distichum | temperate | | 3ii 2q 3z
|
|---|
| temperate | | 3bb 3x |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| TILIACEAE |
|---|
| Grewia polygama | tropical | | 1m 2m |
|---|
| Tilia americana | temperate | 3gg |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| ULMACEACE |
|---|
| Holoptelea integrifolia | tropical | | 1m |
|---|
| Ulmus americana | temperate | 3gg | 3r 3f 2bb |
|---|
| Ulmus alata | temperate | | 3p |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| VERBENACEAE |
|---|
| Gmelina arborea | tropical | 2rr |
|---|
| Gmelina moluccana | tropical | | 3pp |
|---|
| Petitia domingensis | tropical | 3kk |
|---|
| Premna tomentosa | tropical | | 3m 2m |
|---|
| Tectona grandis | tropical | 1kk |
|---|
| Vitex pinnata | tropical | | 2m |
|---|
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
|---|
| VOCHYSIACEAE |
|---|
| Vochysia ferruginea | tropical | | 1e |
|---|
a Andersen 1954, b Applegate & Bragg 1992, c Baldwin 1940,
d Basnet et al. 1992, e Boucher 1989, 1990, f Bromley 1939,
g Browne 1949, h Craighead & Gilbert 1962, i Cruickshank et al.
1962, j Curtis 1943, k Dallmeier et al. 1991, l Day 1950, m Dittus
1985, n Foster 1988a, o Francis & Gillespie 1993, p Glitzenstein &
Harcombe 1988, q Gresham et al. 1991, r Hook et al. 1991, s Hubert
1918, t Irvine 1970, u Kerr 1973, v King 1945, w Liegel 1982, x
Loope et al. 1994, y Lugo et al. 1983, z Ogden 1992, aa Peterson &
Pickett 1991, bb Putz & Sharitz 1991, cc Rowlands 1941, dd Sauer
1962, ee Scatena & Lugo in press, ff Sheffield & Thompson 1992,
gg Stoeckeler & Arbogast 1955, hh Thompson 1983, ii Touliatos &
Roth 1971, jj Versfeld 1980, kk Wadsworth & Englerth 1959,
ll Walker 1991, mm Walker et al. 1992, nn Webb 1986,1989, oo Whigham
et al. 1991, pp Whitmore 1974, qq Wilson 1976, rr Wood 1970, ss Yih
et al. 1991, tt You & Petty 1991, uu Zimmerman et al. 1994
Literature Cited section
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