Nineteenth-Century European Educators

• Pestalozzi

• Froebel

• Herbart

• Spencer

  • What knowledge is most worth?

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Pestalozi: link the curriculum to the child’s experiences; general (emotional security, trust and affection) and special methods (consider auditory and visual senses of children

Froebel: kindergarten

Herbart: knowledge interests and ethical interests

Spencer: major purpose of education is to prepare for complete living; curriculum fit for an industrialized society; science is the most practical subject for the survival of the individual and society; discovery learning