Directions:

1. Trace the development of personal property through each type of food getting activity. What constrains amassing material goods?

2. Describe how the Kula ring works?

3. Look in a newspaper for an example of negative reciprocity. What happened? Where? When?

4. Describe how optimal foraging theory applied to human hunter and gatherers.

5. What types of societies practice redistribution? In which societies is it important? (p.133). Why do you think redistribution is important for these societies? How does the United States practice redistribution?

6. What is reciprocity? Describe how it is used as a leveling device.

7. What is a potlatch? Who has potlatches? How is it used as a leveling device?

8. Describe how reciprocity works in your life.

9. Why do many food collectors not create a surplus by working a little longer work-day?

10. Describe which types of societies allow individual ownership of land? Why do you think they have individual ownership? Describe an important conflict between societies which resulted from different world-views of land ownership?